OBJECTIVE: YouTube, a popular source for diverse information, hosts a wealth of content on aesthetic canthoplasty. Yet, concerns linger about the accuracy and reliability of these videos, with potential for inaccuracies, biases, or misleading information. This study aims to evaluate the quality and reliability of YouTube content on this sought-after facial enhancement procedure.
METHODS: The study employs four distinct scoring tools: the Global Quality Score (GQS), the Medical Quality Video Evaluation Tool (MQ-VET), the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Audiovisual Materials (PEMAT-A/V), and the Video Power Index (VPI).
RESULTS: Analysis of a total of 173 YouTube videos relevant to aesthetic canthoplasty revealed scores that were primarily indicative of poor quality and reliability.(Mean score ± SD, PEMAT A/V: 30.75 ± 28.8, MQ-VET: 28.57 ± 12.6, GQS: 1.7 ± 1) Notably, these videos were predominantly uploaded by healthcare professionals (82.1%), and they focused more on advertisements (46.2%) than on scientific or educational information. Their elevated viewership and engagement metrics (likes, comments, and shares) attest to their significant popularity and influence. (Mean VPI score: 176.6 ± 635.8).
CONCLUSIONS: YouTube\'s influence on aesthetic eyelid surgery is undeniable, shaping patient choices and expectations. However, unrealistic beauty ideals, heightened body dissatisfaction, and social comparisons lurk within its content, potentially harming psychological well-being and surgical decisions. Prioritizing qualified medical guidance and critical evaluation of online information are crucial for patients. Authors and platforms must act responsibly: authors by producing high-quality content, platforms by tackling misinformation.

BACKGROUND: YouTube serves as a good source of information on autism; however, the reliability and quality of such content remain uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and quality of autism-related information presented in YouTube videos using the Global Quality Score (GQS) and Reliability Score.  Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in November 2023. A total of 48 autism-related videos on YouTube were sourced using keywords such as \'autism\', \'autism cause\', \'autism treatment\', and \'autism kids\'. The authors then viewed the videos and collected data regarding the number of views, likes and comments, uploader type, and type of information disseminated. The authors also used The GQS and modified DISCERN score to assess the quality and reliability of information in the videos. The data was then subjected to statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test and IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22 (Released 2013; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States).  Results: Out of 48 videos, seven videos were excluded, leaving 41 for analysis. The included videos amassed 25,540,635 views, 304,557 likes, and 37,039 comments. The majority of videos were uploaded by hospitals (n=15; 36.59%), followed by news channels (n=12; 29.27%). Most videos described autism symptoms (n=26; 63.41%), with fewer addressing potential etiology (n=16; 39.02%). The median GQS was highest for videos uploaded by healthcare professionals (n=5), contrasting with news channels. The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant differences (p=0.02).  Conclusion: These videos collectively garnered substantial viewership, likes, and comments. Most videos described autism symptoms, although fewer addressed potential causes. Notably, videos uploaded by healthcare professionals achieved the highest GQSs, highlighting their significance in disseminating reliable autism information. Healthcare professionals therefore play a crucial role in disseminating reliable autism information via YouTube. Encouraging their involvement in creating informative videos can enhance public understanding of autism.

Palpitations refer to the sensation of rapid, fluttering, or pounding heartbeats in the chest, the determinants of which may range from hormonal changes to anxiety or arrhythmias. YouTube is one of the most prevailing and accepted web-based platforms people trust to help them understand more about their health conditions. Thus, this study aims to assess whether the quality of content about palpitations on this platform is reliable and sufficient. Seventy-one YouTube videos were analyzed using criteria such as date and time of upload, type of uploader, and type of content. The Global Quality Score (GQS) and modified DISCERN score were used to analyze the quality and reliability of the information provided. Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, US) was used for data analysis, and StataCorp\'s 2023 Stata Statistical Software (College Station, TX, US) was used for statistical analysis and visualization. Of the 71 videos analyzed, 90.14% were uploaded more than a year ago, 80.28% described the symptomatology in detail, and 81.69% accurately described the etiological factors. Hospitals and doctors were the most common uploaders, constituting 23% and 19% of the uploaded videos, respectively, and had high GQSs (Median GQS = 4). The highest scores also belonged to videos uploaded by patients suffering from the disease (Median GQS = 5). Hospitals and news channels ranked highest on the reliability score (Median DISCERN = 4, respectively). It was determined that despite varied sources, the nature of content provided by the platform contains promotional material and content gaps; YouTube should, therefore, be used critically and as per professional sources.

OpenAI has created ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence language model that has gained considerable recognition for its capacity to produce text responses resembling human language. Consequently, this study seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of ChatGPT\'s responses in addressing publicly accessible queries related to prostate, kidney, bladder, and testicular cancers.
A comprehensive compilation of frequently asked questions (FAQs) pertaining to prostate, bladder, kidney, and testicular cancers was gathered from diverse sources. Additionally, the recommendations outlined in the European Association of Urology (EAU) 2023 Guideline Oncology were consulted. The chosen questions for evaluation were presented to the ChatGPT 4.0 premium version. The quality of ChatGPT responses was appraised using the global quality score (GQS). Each ChatGPT response was independently reviewed by a panel of physicians, who assigned a GQS score to assess its overall quality.
For prostate cancer, 64.6% of the questions had a GQS score of 5, compared to 62.9 % for bladder, 68.1% for kidney, and 63.9% for testicular cancers, whereas none of the responses had a GQS score of 1. Meanwhile, the category with the lowest proportion of responses, with a GQS score of 5 for each disease, was prognosis and follow-up. The mean GQS score of the answers given to EAU guideline questions was statistically significantly lower than the average score of the answers given to FAQs.
ChatGPT is a valuable tool for addressing general inquiries regarding urological cancers, boasting commendable accuracy rates. Nonetheless, its performance in responding to questions aligned with the EAU guideline was deemed unsatisfactory.

Introduction Bipolar disorder is a chronic and recurring condition marked by fluctuations in both energy and mood that can be debilitating to individuals without treatment. While physicians clinically diagnose the condition, patients frequently seek information from alternate channels. Social media platforms, such as Instagram, have facilitated more convenient access to supplementary information about bipolar disorder. Nevertheless, there is apprehension regarding the accuracy of publicly disseminated information through these platforms. The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy and dependability of information about Bipolar disorder found on the social media platform, Instagram. Methodology A cross-sectional observational study was conducted by gathering data from Instagram posts linked with popular bipolar disorder hashtags. To evaluate the credibility of the chosen entries, numerical ratings were assigned to each post using the established measurement scales of the Global Quality Score and Reliability Score. Results After analyzing 196 Instagram entries about Bipolar Disorder that fulfilled inclusion criteria, the study revealed that 70.4% (n=138) of these posts were shared by individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Among the content posted by these individuals, a statistically significant global quality score of 2 and a reliability score of 1 were observed. Conclusions Verified medical information of superior global quality should be shared on social media platforms by accountable parties. Individuals with further inquiries about medical knowledge should be advised to reach out to local physicians.

Introduction Angiography is a method for defining the inner vessel wall and demonstrating flow through the lumen by detecting contrast injection into a blood vessel and projecting it onto a sequence of X-rays. This method is used to image the anatomical and architectural aspects of the vascular system. By employing balloon dilatation and the implantation of stents to widen the stenosed arteries, angioplasty is a form of minimally invasive endovascular treatment used to treat cardiovascular diseases and their consequences. People frequently rely on YouTube as a resource for awareness-raising and marketing activities. Animations and visual explanations can help patients understand the risks and benefits of procedures. Aims To assess the quality and reliability of the information on YouTube about angiography and angioplasty. We assessed quality using the GQS (Global Quality Scale) and reliability via the reliability score. Methodology This is an observational, cross-sectional study without the requirement of an ethics committee. It includes a questionnaire with predetermined criteria like time since upload, popularity, or type of uploader. The study assesses YouTube videos that include criteria using GQS and reliability scores. Responses recorded in Google Sheets were transferred to Microsoft Excel (Redmond, USA). Statistical analysis was performed using IBM Corp. Released 2012. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. All six authors assessed 10 YouTube videos using specific keywords. The study includes videos that meet the inclusion criteria. Videos that did not include the inclusion criteria were excluded. Results After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 57 out of 60 videos were included. Of the total videos analyzed, the majority were uploaded by various hospitals and people other than doctors and healthcare organizations. About 78.95% of the videos described the reason for angiography/plasty, followed by the anatomical area involved and the pre-procedural preparation phase. There is a significant increase in the GQS score and reliability score among the videos uploaded by doctors, hospitals, healthcare organizations, and other groups. Conclusions Verified health information should be uploaded responsibly by doctors, hospitals, healthcare organizations, or other agencies on social media like YouTube in a manner that is easy to understand, has a high GQS, and has a high reliability score, as it would make it simpler for the general population or viewers to have access to important health-related content they can rely on. Videos should advise the viewers to contact their doctors for all queries regarding the diagnosis or treatment of their health concerns.

BACKGROUND: Utilized in the healthcare sector, social media offers numerous benefits. However, its drawbacks encompass the variable quality of unregulated and unsupervised content. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the information in content related to chest pain found across Instagram and analyze the quality and reliability of chest pain-related content via Instagram posts.
METHODS: Instagram posts with content related to chest pain were analyzed with the help of a structured questionnaire that included the Global Quality Scale (GQS) and DISCERN score (DS). To collect Instagram posts, several distinct hashtags were employed: #chestpain, #chestpains, #angina, #anginatreatment, #heartattack, #heartattacksurvivor, #heartattackprevention.
RESULTS: A total of 262 posts were included, of which 29.7% of the total posts (n=78) contained information that describes the etiology of the disease. 27.8% of the total posts (n = 73) enclosed promotional content. Posts were found to be uploaded by doctors (18.7%), hospitals (15.6%), patients (17.9%), dieticians (11.1%), healthcare organizations (9.2%), and others (27.5%). Both Global Quality and DISCERN scores were statistically significant with a p-value of 0.001.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study revealed that most of the Instagram content on chest pain posted via physicians were highly reliable and had a better global quality score. Information regarding various causes, symptoms and preventive measures on Instagram can be considered as an acceptable source for patients to surf on. A major limitation is that only English content was analyzed. In the future, the use of higher quality posts produced by healthcare professionals could potentially contribute to enhancing patient education via Instagram.

BACKGROUND: Epilepsy is defined as a disorder of the brain characterized by an enduring predisposition to epileptic seizures. Being the most common neurological condition in the world, information regarding epilepsy is gathered by people from different available sources.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability and quality of YouTube videos about epilepsy as a source of information for the general population and also for patients suffering from this illness and for their families.
METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted, utilizing a questionnaire prepared on Google Forms (Google LLC, Mountain View, California, United States) with predetermined criteria. Each of the six authors independently searched and evaluated 10 YouTube videos using specific keywords. The assessment included determining the global quality score and utilizing the DISCERN tool. The collected data was recorded in Microsoft Excel and subsequently analyzed.
RESULTS: A total of 60 videos were analyzed, revealing that 76.27% of them provided information on the available treatment options for epilepsy, 71.19% explained the cause and etiology of the condition, and only 3.39% of the videos mentioned support groups.
CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights the importance of assessment of medical information on social media platforms in order to ensure availability of correct information with high quality and reliability for epilepsy patients. This will help in understanding their medical health issues and decision making.

Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) encompasses a group of heterogeneous, chronic, and non-communicable diseases characterized by an increase in blood glucose levels. As it has become easily accessible for patients to know about their symptoms and treatment of diseases, it is of utmost importance that reliable information is conveyed on the internet. If not managed appropriately, it may result in the dissemination of false information, leading to risky practices and incorrect treatment, further resulting in detrimental consequences. Aim To assess the quality and reliability of information related to DM on YouTube. Methodology A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in April 2023, wherein top YouTube videos related to \'diabetes\' were analyzed for baseline characteristics, type of uploader, as well as quality and reliability using Global Quality Score (GQS) and Reliability Score (DISCEN), respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results A total of 87 videos were evaluated in the study. Unfortunately, only 21% of those were uploaded by doctors. The median Video Power Index (VPI) for videos uploaded by other sources was the highest (184.7), and the lowest was for videos uploaded by hospitals (12.6), and this was statistically significant (p = 0.038). The median GQS was highest for videos uploaded by doctors (4) and lowest for videos uploaded by others (3.5). The reliability score was higher in videos uploaded by healthcare organizations (4), which was not significant (p > 0.05). Conclusions Videos uploaded by physicians and healthcare organizations contained reliable information with a high global quality score. Videos uploaded by sources other than doctors and healthcare professionals should consult physicians, as self-diagnosis or self-treatment can lead to potential harm to patients.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to assess the quality and reliability of the disease information available on YouTube (www.youtube.com) about \"heart attacks\" or myocardial infarctions, using a Global Quality Score (GQS) for quality, a DISCERN score for reliability, and a Video Power Index (VPI) for popularity.
METHODS: In this cross-sectional observational study, the YouTube videos were analyzed in terms of the type of uploader, content, and other factors. The GQS, DISCERN score, and Video Power Index (VPI) were utilized to assess the quality, reliability, and popularity of the information, respectively.
RESULTS: The majority of the videos (78.44%) were uploaded over a year ago. Only 33.34% and 7.84% were uploaded by doctors and healthcare organizations, respectively. Around 72.55% of the videos contained information about symptoms, 66.67% discussed the causes, 52.94% covered treatment, and 47.06% focused on prevention. Additionally, 41.18% provided details on investigations, while only 19.61% touched upon mortality. Patient-created videos accounted for 19.61% of the content, and 15.69% of the videos included promotional material.
CONCLUSIONS: The main outcome of our study indicates that the YouTube videos examined regarding myocardial infarctions exhibit high-quality content, as supported by a higher average GQS score. The consistent quality of information discovered in our study suggests that YouTube can serve as an additional platform for sharing knowledge and educating individuals about this important health condition. By raising awareness and delivering accurate information, these videos can help in early detection, prevention, and better outcomes for individuals who are at risk of experiencing a myocardial infarction.