experimental

实验性
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    酒精镇痛的研究通常假设疼痛敏感性的变化反映了酒精在疼痛自我管理中的负面增强作用。然而,可能影响因饮酒而感到疼痛缓解的因素仍未完全表征。因此,本研究的主要目的是确定哪些因素与饮酒后有或无慢性疼痛的患者自我报告的疼痛缓解密切相关.
    这项研究结合了两项关于在有和没有慢性疼痛的情况下经常饮酒的个体中酒精镇痛的研究数据。在筛查期间评估酒精镇痛预期。在实验室会议上,参与者接受含酒精(.08g/dL目标BrAC)或安慰剂饮料,并对主观中毒和主观反应(刺激/镇静的阳性/阴性方面)进行评分.参与者接受定量感觉测试以测量疼痛强度,痛阈值,和救济。配对样本t检验确定酒精对疼痛测量的影响。分层线性模型确定了与酒精状况下疼痛缓解等级相关的因素。
    与安慰剂相比,酒精治疗中的疼痛缓解和疼痛阈值更高,但疼痛强度没有差异。在4步分层线性模型中,疼痛缓解的预期,主观中毒,和高度积极的影响,但不是疼痛阈值或疼痛强度,与感知到的救济显著且独特地相关。
    放在一起,结果表明,在实验室环境中,疼痛敏感性的变化并未完全反映出酒精对疼痛管理的负面强化作用.期望和主观反应在确定个人对酒精对疼痛自我管理功效的评估中可能很重要。
    UNASSIGNED: Studies of alcohol analgesia often assume that changes in pain sensitivity reflect the negative reinforcing effects of alcohol in pain self-management. However, factors that may influence perceived pain relief due to alcohol use remain incompletely characterized. Thus, the primary aim of this study was to identify which factors are most strongly related to self-reported pain relief in individuals with and without chronic pain after alcohol consumption.
    UNASSIGNED: This study combined data from two studies of alcohol analgesia in individuals who regularly consume alcohol with and without chronic pain. Alcohol analgesia expectancies were assessed during screening. In laboratory sessions, participants received an alcohol-containing (.08 g/dL target BrAC) or placebo beverage and rated subjective intoxication and subjective response (positive/negative aspects of stimulation/sedation). Participants underwent quantitative sensory testing to measure pain intensity, pain threshold, and relief. Paired sample t-tests determined effects of alcohol on pain measures. Hierarchical linear models determined factors associated with pain relief ratings in the alcohol condition.
    UNASSIGNED: Pain relief and pain threshold were higher in the alcohol session relative to placebo, but pain intensity did not differ. In a 4-step hierarchical linear model, expectancy of pain relief, subjective intoxication, and high positive affect, but not pain threshold or pain intensity, were significantly and uniquely associated with perceived relief.
    UNASSIGNED: Taken together, results suggest the negative-reinforcing effects of alcohol for pain-management are not completely reflected by changes in pain sensitivity in a laboratory setting. Expectancies and subjective response may be important in determining an individual\'s evaluation of alcohol\'s efficacy for pain self-management.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    遗传学对自身免疫的易感性或抗性至关重要,越来越多的证据表明,肠道微生物群也起着至关重要的作用。在鼠关节炎模型中,短链脂肪酸补充剂通过调节色氨酸代谢细菌来降低疾病的严重程度。常见的微生物转移方法调节关节炎的严重程度,然而,它们不适用于慢性模型,例如前列腺素诱导的关节炎(PIA)。PIA抗性(HIII)和PIA易感(LIII)小鼠拥有不同的肠道微生物组,这可能与它们不同的易感性有关。为了研究这个假设,我们使用交叉培养来稳定转移微生物群。在这项研究中,我们表明,对关节炎的极端易感性可以通过早期微生物群转移来调节,具有持久的效果。HIII和LIII幼崽在断奶后交叉饲养并注射了前列腺素。在慢性期,交叉培养的LIII小鼠的PIA严重程度显着降低。宏基因组分析表明,HIII和LIII微生物组因交叉培养而部分转移。与HIII或LIII小鼠相关的微生物群在相反品系的交叉培养小鼠中呈现相似的组成,提示在PIA易感性中的作用。鉴定调节慢性关节炎的细菌群将有助于对人类类风湿性关节炎的发病机理以及复制和功能研究的靶标的新见解。
    Genetics is central to the susceptibility or resistance to autoimmunity, and mounting evidence indicates that the intestinal microbiota also plays an essential role. In murine arthritis models, short-chain fat acid supplementation reduces disease severity by modulating tryptophan-metabolizing bacteria. Common microbiota transfer methods modulate arthritis severity, however, they are not practical for chronic models such as pristane-induced arthritis (PIA). PIA-resistant (HIII) and PIA-susceptible (LIII) mice harbor diverse intestinal microbiomes, which might be implicated in their divergent susceptibility. To investigate this hypothesis, we used cross-fostering to stably transfer the microbiota. In this study, we show that extreme susceptibility to arthritis can be modulated by early microbiota transfer, with long-lasting effects. HIII and LIII pups were cross-fostered and injected with pristane after weaning. PIA severity in cross-fostered LIII mice was significantly reduced in the chronic phase. Metagenomic analyses showed that HIII and LIII microbiomes were partly shifted by cross-fostering. Microbial groups whose abundance was associated with either HIII or LIII mice presented similar composition in cross-fostered mice of the opposite strains, suggesting a role in PIA susceptibility. Identification of bacterial groups that modulate chronic arthritis will contribute novel insights on the pathogenesis of human rheumatoid arthritis and targets for replication and functional studies.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    肝脏缺血再灌注(IR)在肝脏手术期间可通过氧化应激和免疫细胞的激活导致肝细胞死亡,细胞因子的释放,和损伤相关的分子模式。抗坏血酸已被证明对IR损伤具有潜在的保护作用,主要是由于其抗氧化性能。这项研究评估了大鼠肝脏IR期间不同时间点抗坏血酸输注的效果。将36只雄性Wistar大鼠分为对照组和实验组,它们在三个不同的输注时间接受相同的总抗坏血酸剂量:缺血前,再灌注前,或在缺血和再灌注之前。所有动物都经历了肝IR损伤。我们测量了肝酶,细胞因子,和门静脉血流。在缺血和再灌注前接受抗坏血酸的动物肝酶水平较低,减少炎症,和更好的门静脉流量比其他动物。在IR之前分配剂量的抗坏血酸可能有益于减少与IR相关的肝损伤。
    Liver ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) during hepatic surgeries can lead to liver cell death via oxidative stress and the activation of immune cells, the release of cytokines, and damage-associated molecular patterns. Ascorbic acid has been shown to confer potential protective effects against IR injury, mainly due to its antioxidant properties. This study evaluated the effect of ascorbic acid infusion at different time points during hepatic IR in rats. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were divided into control and experimental groups that received the same total ascorbic acid dose at three different infusion times: before ischaemia, before reperfusion, or before both ischaemia and reperfusion. All of the animals experienced hepatic IR injury. We measured the hepatic enzymes, cytokines, and portal blood flow. Animals receiving ascorbic acid before both ischaemia and reperfusion had lower liver enzyme levels, reduced inflammation, and better portal venous flow than other animals. Divided doses of ascorbic acid before IR may be beneficial for reducing liver injury associated with IR.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    预防和治疗精神健康和物质使用问题需要有效,负担得起的,可扩展,有效的干预措施。多阶段优化策略(MOST)框架指导研究人员通过分阶段和系统的过程来开发优化的干预措施。然而,需要新的方法来系统地纳入关于MOST阶段实施约束的信息。我们建议在MOST中尽早和持续地整合社区参与方法是一种有希望的策略,可以增强优化干预措施的实施潜力。在这篇文章中,我们概述了在整个干预优化过程中使用社区参与方法的优势,重点研究MOST的制备和优化阶段。我们讨论了实验设计在优化研究中的作用,并强调了在社区环境中进行严格实验的潜在挑战。然后,我们演示了如何依靠资源管理原则在MOST阶段选择实验设计是保持实验严谨性和社区响应性的有前途的策略。我们以一个应用示例结束,该示例说明了一种社区参与的方法来优化干预措施,以降低父母被监禁的儿童的心理健康问题和物质使用问题的风险。
    在多阶段优化策略中参与社区和确保研究质量的策略简单语言摘要关于该主题已经知道什么?干预措施必须有效,负担得起的,可扩展,并有效地成功实施并实现最大的公共卫生影响。多阶段优化策略是制定优化干预措施的战略性和阶段性方法。社区参与的研究已被用来增强干预措施的实施潜力。本文补充了什么?本文指导采用社区参与研究方法的研究人员在干预优化过程的不同阶段系统地开展活动。最终目标是创建一个优化的干预措施,以便在其预期的交付环境中成功实施。对实践有什么影响,研究,或政策?在干预优化过程的每个阶段中纳入关键利益相关者的投入可以增强基于社区的干预措施对心理健康和物质使用问题的公共卫生影响。
    Preventing and treating mental health and substance use problems requires effective, affordable, scalable, and efficient interventions. The multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) framework guides researchers through a phased and systematic process of developing optimized interventions. However, new methods of systematically incorporating information about implementation constraints across MOST phases are needed. We propose that early and sustained integration of community-engaged methods within MOST is a promising strategy for enhancing an optimized intervention\'s potential for implementation. In this article, we outline the advantages of using community-engaged methods throughout the intervention optimization process, with a focus on the Preparation and Optimization Phases of MOST. We discuss the role of experimental designs in optimization research and highlight potential challenges in conducting rigorous experiments in community settings. We then demonstrate how relying on the resource management principle to select experimental designs across MOST phases is a promising strategy for maintaining both experimental rigor and community responsiveness. We end with an applied example illustrating a community-engaged approach to optimize an intervention to reduce the risk for mental health problems and substance use problems among children with incarcerated parents.
    Strategies for Engaging Communities and Ensuring Research Quality in the Multiphase Optimization Strategy Plain Language Summary What is already known about the topic? Interventions must be effective, affordable, scalable, and efficient to be successfully implemented and achieve maximum public health impact. The multiphase optimization strategy is a strategic and phased approach to developing optimized interventions. Community-engaged research has been used to bolster an intervention\'s potential for implementation.What does this paper add? The article guides researchers who are employing community-engaged research methods to systematically conduct activities in different phases of the intervention optimization process. The end goal is to create an optimized intervention ready for successful implementation in its intended delivery setting.What are the implications for practice, research, or policy? Incorporating input from key stakeholders in every phase of the intervention optimization process can enhance the public health impact of community-based interventions for mental health and substance use problems.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    地下管道是天然气输送的关键基础设施,为了安全而战略埋葬,环境,和经济考虑。尽管它们很重要,运营挑战和外部干扰可能导致地下气体泄漏,对人类安全和环境造成潜在的灾难性后果。保护性土壤床的存在在理解地下传输现象和准确量化气体释放方面引入了复杂性。在这里,这篇综述对已发表的地下气体释放领域的研究进行了系统分析,强调连接岩石圈和大气的跨学科方法。分析突出了广泛的采用方法,包括基于基本原理的理论模型,从实验数据得出的经验公式,和复杂的计算工具。明确的基本理解和计算分析,在较小程度上是实验性的,已经建立来描述移民制度。相比之下,更多的实证研究涉及火山口的形成机制,尽管重点是土壤抛射后的远场建模,而不是导致火山口形成的瞬态现象。此外,这篇评论涉及实践和概念主题,如检测和定位技术,以及其他气体流经土壤和粉末床的流态,质疑一些假定的颗粒概念对迁移以外的流动行为的适用性。研究领域主要集中在仅从大气或土壤领域的角度研究释放参数对释放现象的影响。这项工作提供了见解,旨在首先超越两个领域,然后桥接三个不同的流动机制-迁移,隆起,和火山口的形成——尽管人们有限地认识到通过普遍方法同时解决所有制度的必要性。这篇评论为工程师开发创新解决方案以管理与地下气体泄漏相关的风险提供了宝贵的资源。
    Underground pipelines serve as critical infrastructure for gas transmission, strategically buried for safety, environmental, and economic considerations. Despite their importance, operational challenges and external interferences can lead to underground gas leaks with potentially catastrophic consequences for both human safety and the environment. The presence of a protective soil bed introduces complexities in understanding subsurface transport phenomena and quantifying gas releases accurately. Herein, this review presents a systematic analysis of published research in the field of underground gas releases, with an emphasis on interdisciplinary approaches that connect the lithosphere and atmosphere. The analysis highlights the broad spectrum of employed methods, including theoretical models based on fundamental principles, empirical formulations derived from experimental data, and sophisticated computational tools. A clear fundamental understanding and computational analysis, and to a lesser extent experimental, have been established to describe the migration regime. In contrast, more empirical research has addressed the crater formation regime, though focus was given to the far-field modelling following the soil ejection rather than the transient phenomena leading to the formation of the crater. Additionally, this review touches upon practical and conceptual topics, such as detection and localization techniques, and flow regimes in other gaseous flows through soil and powder beds, putting into question the applicability of some presumed granulated concepts to the flowing behavior expected beyond migration. The research landscape predominantly focuses on investigating the influence of release parameters on the release phenomena only from the atmospheric or soil domain perspective. This work provides insights that aim to first transcend both domains and then bridge the three distinct flow regimes-migration, uplift, and crater formation-despite the limited acknowledgment of the necessity of addressing all regimes concurrently through a universal approach. This review serves as a valuable resource for engineers to develop innovative solutions for the management of risks associated with underground gas leaks.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    共享治理是一个在护理领域越来越受欢迎的概念。这是一个框架,使护士在临床决策中发挥更大作用。这种方法承认护士拥有的专业知识和知识,并允许他们成为决策过程的积极参与者。这是赋予护士权力并确保为患者提供最佳护理的一种方式。通过促进共享治理,护士能够与其他医疗保健专业人员协同工作,并提供基于证据和以患者为中心的高质量护理。本文提供了在实证研究中收集的数据,以调查实施共享治理模式对沙特阿拉伯三级医院护士对专业治理的看法的影响,方法是从最低层次测量共享治理水平,传统的治理层面(仅限管理和行政),到最高水平,自治级别(仅限员工),通过护理专业治理的六个维度,包括人员,信息,资源,参与,实践,和目标。这项研究在2022年7月至2023年2月之间的8个月内进行,随机抽取了200名临床护士,他们在研究干预前后完成了结构化问卷,作为准研究的一部分。干预措施包括设计和实施共享治理模型,并为护士参与者提供临床共享的治理培训。前测-后测实验组表明,共享治理的水平有所改善(共享治理水平-主要是管理/行政与一些工作人员的投入),这表示在沙特阿拉伯三级医院工作的护士中护理专业人员治理培训的有效性。本研究中使用的数据可以被未来的研究用于基准测试目的。
    Shared governance is a concept that has been gaining popularity in the nursing field. It is a framework that allows nurses to have a greater role in clinical decision-making. This approach recognizes the expertise and knowledge that nurses possess and allows them to be active participants in the decision-making process. It is a way to empower nurses and to ensure that the best possible care is being provided to patients. By promoting shared governance, nurses are able to work collaboratively with other healthcare professionals and provide high-quality care that is evidence-based and patient-centered. This article presents data that was collected in an empirical study to investigate the impact of implementing a shared governance model on the perceptions of professional governance among nurses working in a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia by measuring the level of shared governance from the lowest level, the traditional governance level (management and administration only), to the highest level, the self-governance level (staff only), through six dimensions of nursing professional governance, including personnel, information, resources, participation, practice, and goals. The study was conducted over 8 months between July 2022 to February 2023 with the involvement of a random sample of 200 clinical nurses who completed a structured questionnaire before and after the study interventions as part of quasi-research. The interventions included designing and implementing a shared governance model, and providing a shared governance training to clinical to nurse participants. The pretest-posttest experimental group showed that there were improvements in the level of shared governance (shared governance level - primarily management/administration with some staff input), which denotes the effectiveness of nursing professionals governance training among nurses working in a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia. The data used in this study can be utilized by future studies for benchmarking purposes.
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  • 文章类型: Systematic Review
    去个性化-去现实障碍(DDD)的特征是与自己和/或周围环境分离的痛苦经历,可能是由于情感的改变,认知,和生理功能。本系统综述旨在综合当前与DDD潜在机制相关的实验证据,为了评估现有的理论模型,并为未来的研究和理论发展提供信息。如果他们在DDD样本中测试了明确的假设,通过对至少一个自变量的实验操作,除了行为,主观,神经学,情感和/或生理因变量。一些证据表明,对厌恶的图像和声音的主观反应减弱,当观看厌恶的图像时,神经回路中与情绪调节相关的过度激活出现了,证实DDD的神经生物学模型。关于面部表情的行为和自主神经反应存在不一致,情感记忆,和自我参照处理。常见的困惑包括小样本量,药物,和合并症。DDD中似乎存在情感反应和调节的变化;然而,需要采用更严格的研究设计的进一步研究,为这些可能的机制提供更有力的证据。
    Depersonalisation-derealisation disorder (DDD) is characterised by distressing experiences of separation from oneself and/or one\'s surroundings, potentially resulting from alterations in affective, cognitive, and physiological functions. This systematic review aimed to synthesise current experimental evidence of relevance to proposed mechanisms underlying DDD, to appraise existing theoretical models, and to inform future research and theoretical developments. Studies were included if they tested explicit hypotheses in DDD samples, with experimental manipulations of at least one independent variable, alongside behavioural, subjective, neurological, affective and/or physiological dependent variables. Some evidence for diminished subjective responsivity to aversive images and sounds, and hyperactivation in neurocircuits associated with emotional regulation when viewing aversive images emerged, corroborating neurobiological models of DDD. Inconsistencies were present regarding behavioural and autonomic responsivity to facial expressions, emotional memory, and self-referential processing. Common confounds included small sample sizes, medication, and comorbidities. Alterations in affective reactivity and regulation appear to be present in DDD; however, further research employing more rigorous research designs is required to provide stronger evidence for these possible mechanisms.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    目标:精神病患者延迟获得推荐治疗,导致不良的医疗结果和复发风险增加。改善寻求帮助和接受帮助的方法可以减少未经治疗的精神病(DUP)的持续时间。这项研究考察了依恋风格在精神病中寻求帮助和接受帮助中的作用。
    方法:我们使用了一个实验设计来测试依恋意象启动对寻求帮助和接受帮助的意图的影响,在一个自我报告的精神病样本中。独立变量是附件图像条件(安全与回避)和时间(前与post-prime).因变量是状态偏执,寻求帮助的意图和接受帮助的意图。
    方法:我们使用在线研究平台招募精神病患者(n=61)。参与者被随机分配到安全或回避的依恋启动条件。所有完成的国家偏执狂措施,寻求帮助,和帮助接受,在启动之前和之后。
    结果:与回避条件相比,安全的依恋意象导致偏执狂减少,寻求帮助和接受意愿增加,所有与大的效果大小。
    结论:这是第一项使用实验设计来评估依恋风格在临床样本中寻求帮助和接受帮助中的作用的研究。依恋风格与有助于DUP的行为意图有因果关系。临床医生应该评估依恋和寻求帮助和接受度,在配方中突出这些,并优先考虑治疗计划。加强寻求帮助和接受的干预措施可以改善获得推荐治疗的机会并减少DUP。
    OBJECTIVE: People with psychosis delay accessing recommended treatments, resulting in poor healthcare outcomes and increased risk of relapse. Means of improving help-seeking and help-acceptance could reduce duration of untreated psychosis (DUP). This study examined the role of attachment style in help-seeking and help-acceptance in psychosis.
    METHODS: We used an experimental design to test the effect of attachment imagery priming on help-seeking and help-acceptance intentions, in a sample with self-reported psychosis. The independent variables were attachment imagery condition (secure vs. avoidant) and time (pre- vs. post-prime). The dependent variables were state paranoia, help-seeking intentions and help-acceptance intentions.
    METHODS: We used an online research platform to recruit people with psychosis (n = 61). Participants were randomly allocated to the secure or avoidant attachment priming condition. All completed measures of state paranoia, help-seeking, and help-acceptance, before and after priming.
    RESULTS: In comparison with the avoidant condition, secure attachment imagery resulted in reduced paranoia and increased help-seeking and acceptance intentions, all with large effect sizes.
    CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to use an experimental design to assess the role of attachment style in help-seeking and help-acceptance in a clinical sample. Attachment style is causally linked to behavioural intentions that contribute to DUP. Clinicians should assess attachment and help-seeking and acceptance, highlight these in formulation, and prioritise in treatment planning. Interventions that enhance help-seeking and acceptance could improve access to recommended treatments and reduce DUP.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    秘密密钥交换依赖于相关信号的创建,作为安全通信的原始资源。热态表现出HanburyBrown和Twiss的相关性,这为产生这种信号提供了一个有希望的途径。在本文中,我们介绍了微波区域中中央广播热态量子密钥分配(QKD)协议的实验实现。我们的目标是展示一种简单的QKD方法,利用现成的广播设备。与传统的热态QKD方法不同,我们利用位移的热状态。这些状态使我们能够在爱丽丝之间共享热源的输出,鲍勃,和夏娃通过两个波导通道和自由空间。通过测量并转换为位串,我们的协议产生密钥就绪位串,而不需要专门的设备。通过利用热广播中的固有噪声,我们的设置有助于所有相关方恢复不同的位串。
    Secret key exchange relies on the creation of correlated signals, serving as the raw resource for secure communication. Thermal states exhibit Hanbury Brown and Twiss correlations, which offer a promising avenue for generating such signals. In this paper, we present an experimental implementation of a central broadcast thermal-state quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol in the microwave region. Our objective is to showcase a straightforward method of QKD utilizing readily available broadcasting equipment. Unlike conventional approaches to thermal-state QKD, we leverage displaced thermal states. These states enable us to share the output of a thermal source among Alice, Bob, and Eve via both waveguide channels and free space. Through measurement and conversion into bit strings, our protocol produces key-ready bit strings without the need for specialized equipment. By harnessing the inherent noise in thermal broadcasts, our setup facilitates the recovery of distinct bit strings by all parties involved.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    猪链球菌是一种猪细菌病原体,主要导致断奶仔猪以关节肿胀为特征的疾病,关节炎,败血症,脑膜炎,突然死亡。静脉注射,肌肉内,腹膜内,开发了鼻内感染模型来研究疫苗和各种疗法的细菌致病性和功效。选择合适的感染模型是任何研究的关键步骤,因为它可能会影响研究结果。在这里,我们描述了一种使用腹膜内途径感染猪链球菌的断奶仔猪的方法,一致,和可重复的动物模型,以评估疫苗对全身性细菌感染的保护作用。
    Streptococcus suis is a swine bacterial pathogen that predominantly causes disease in weaned piglets characterized by swelling of joints, arthritis, septicemia, meningitis, and sudden death. Intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, and intranasal infection models were developed to study the bacterial pathogenicity and efficacy of vaccines and various therapeutics. The selection of the appropriate infection model is a critical step in any study, as it may impact the outcomes of the study. Here we describe a method for infecting weaned piglets with S. suis using intraperitoneal route as a reliable, consistent, and reproducible animal model to evaluate vaccine protection against systemic bacterial infection.
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