Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) laboratory tests are important for diagnosing central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Research on intrathecal immunoglobulin-related indexes has gradually attracted attention. The antibody index, which corrects for the effect of individual blood-brain barrier function on CSF antibody test results, is of great significance in the differential diagnosis, efficacy monitoring and prognostic assessment of CNS diseases. It is expected to become a new index for the diagnosis of CNS diseases. This article reviews the concept of antibody index and the research progress of differential diagnosis and treatment of various CNS diseases in order to provide references for the diagnosis, efficacy monitoring and disease progression assessment of CNS diseases.
脑脊液实验室检查是诊断中枢神经系统疾病的重要手段，其中鞘内免疫球蛋白相关指标的研究逐渐引起关注。抗体指数可校正个体血脑屏障功能对脑脊液抗体检测结果的影响，对中枢神经系统疾病的鉴别诊断、疗效监测和预后评估方面均具有重要的意义，有望成为中枢神经系统疾病诊断的新指标。本文就抗体指数的概念、抗体指数在各类中枢神经系统疾病的鉴别诊断和治疗中的研究进展进行综述，以期为中枢神经系统疾病的诊断、疗效监测及疾病进展评估提供参考。.

The endothelial glycocalyx (GCX), located on the luminal surface of vascular endothelial cells, is composed of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans. It plays a pivotal role in maintaining blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and vascular health within the central nervous system (CNS), influencing critical processes such as blood flow regulation, inflammation modulation, and vascular permeability. While the GCX is ubiquitously expressed on the surface of every cell in the body, the GCX at the BBB is highly specialized, with a distinct composition of glycans, physical structure, and surface charge when compared to GCX elsewhere in the body. There is evidence that the GCX at the BBB is disrupted and partially shed in many diseases that impact the CNS. Despite this, the GCX has yet to be a major focus of therapeutic targeting for CNS diseases. This review examines diverse model systems used in cerebrovascular GCX-related research, emphasizing the importance of selecting appropriate models to ensure clinical relevance and translational potential. This review aims to highlight the importance of the GCX in disease and how targeting the GCX at the BBB specifically may be an effective approach for brain specific targeting for therapeutics.

Interdisciplinary consensus on the use of Cereton in the treatment of central nervous system diseases with cognitive impairment of congenital and acquired genesis in children. Resolution of the interdisciplinary council of expertsXXIII All-Russian Forum \"Zdravnitsa-2024\".
Междисциплинарный консенсус по применению препарата Церетон в терапии заболеваний центральной нервной системы с когнитивными нарушениями врожденного и приобретенного генеза у детей. Резолюция междисциплинарного совета экспертоXXIII Всероссийский Форум «Здравница-2024».

OBJECTIVE: This article provides an overview of the neurologic manifestations of sarcoidosis and select rheumatologic disorders. An approach to the assessment and differential diagnosis of characteristic clinical presentations, including meningitis and vasculitis, is also reviewed. A review of treatment options is included as well as discussion of distinct areas of overlap, including rheumatologic disease in the setting of neuromyelitis spectrum disorder and demyelinating disease in the setting of tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors.
UNASSIGNED: An increased understanding of the immune mechanisms involved in sarcoidosis and rheumatologic diseases has resulted in a greater diversity of therapeutic options for their treatment. Evidence directing the treatment of the central nervous system (CNS) manifestations of these same diseases is lacking, with a paucity of controlled trials.
UNASSIGNED: It is important to have a basic knowledge of the common CNS manifestations of rheumatologic diseases and sarcoidosis so that they can be recognized when encountered. In the context of many systemic inflammatory diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, IgG4-related disease, and sarcoidosis, CNS disease may be a presenting feature or occur without systemic manifestations of the disease, making familiarity with these diseases even more important.

暂无摘要。

Since the emergence of the first cerebral organoid (CO) in 2013, advancements have transformed central nervous system (CNS) research. Initial efforts focused on studying the morphogenesis of COs and creating reproducible models. Numerous methodologies have been proposed, enabling the design of the brain organoid to represent specific regions and spinal cord structures. CNS organoids now facilitate the study of a wide range of CNS diseases, from infections to tumors, which were previously difficult to investigate. We summarize the major advancements in CNS organoids, concerning morphogenetic designs and disease models. We examine the development of fabrication procedures and how these advancements have enabled the generation of region-specific brain organoids and spinal cord models. We highlight the application of these organoids in studying various CNS diseases, demonstrating the versatility and potential of organoid models in advancing our understanding of complex conditions. We discuss the current challenges in the field, including issues related to reproducibility, scalability, and the accurate recapitulation of the in vivo environment. We provide an outlook on prospective studies and future directions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art CNS organoid research, highlighting key developments, current challenges, and prospects in the field.

Objective: The effective treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders remains a significant challenge, primarily due to its molecular and structural complexity. Clinical translation of promising therapeutic agents is limited by the lack of optimal drug delivery systems capable of targeted, localized release of drugs to the brain and spinal cord.Approach: This review provides an overview of the potential of affinity-based drug delivery systems, which leverage molecular interactions to enhance the delivery and efficacy of therapeutic agents within the CNS.Main results: Various approaches, including hydrogels, micro- and nanoparticles, and functionalized biomaterials, are examined for their ability to provide local, sustained release of proteins, growth factors and other drugs.Significance: Furthermore, we present a detailed analysis of design considerations for developing effective affinity-based systems, incorporating insights from both existing literature and our group\'s research. These considerations include the biochemical modification of delivery vehicles and the optimization of physical and chemical properties to improve therapeutic outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Plants of the genus Ferula have long been used to treat neurological diseases such as Alzheimer\'s disease (AD), pain, depression, and seizures. The main compounds include coumarins, monoterpenes, sulfide compounds, and polyphenol compounds, which can improve the functioning of the nervous system.
OBJECTIVE: This article has been compiled with the aim of collecting evidence and articles related to the Ferula effects on central nervous system disease.
METHODS: This review article was prepared by searching the terms Ferula and analgesic, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, anti-multiple sclerosis, anti-dementia, and neuroprotective effects.The relevant information was collected through searching electronic databases such as ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, and Google Scholar.
RESULTS: Genus Ferula has a protective effect on nerve cells by reducing cytokines such as IL-6, IL- 1b, and TNF-α. Therefore, the effects of Ferula plants and their effective ingredients can be used to prevent or improve diseases that destroy the nervous system. The members of this genus play a role in strengthening and improving the antioxidant system, reducing the level of oxidative stress, and inhibiting or reducing inflammatory factors in the nervous system.
CONCLUSIONS: Although the effects of several species of Ferula on the nervous system have been investigated, most studies have not clearly identified the molecular mechanisms as well as the specific functional regions of the brain. The present study was compiled in order to investigate different aspects of the effects of Ferula plants on the central nervous system.

Neurosarcoidosis can manifest in various neurological presentations. The occurrence of cavernous sinus involvement in neurosarcoidosis is rare, which can complicate the diagnostic process. We present a case of neurosarcoidosis demonstrating progressively deteriorating right cavernous sinus syndrome in a woman in her 50s, affecting the oculomotor, abducens and the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerves. MRI demonstrated meningeal thickening along the lateral wall of the right cavernous sinus, and a pan-CT scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis revealed disseminated sarcoidosis involving the lungs and the liver. Histopathological analysis of the liver lesion ultimately confirmed the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. This case underscores the significance of considering neurosarcoidosis as a potential cause of cavernous sinus syndrome. In such cases, early initiation of corticosteroid treatment, with or without steroid-sparing agents, is crucial to prevent disease progression and relapse.

It has been widely established that the characterization of extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly small EVs (sEVs), shed by different cell types into biofluids, helps to identify biomarkers and therapeutic targets in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies are also exploring the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles naturally enriched with therapeutic microRNAs and proteins for treating various diseases. In addition, EVs released by various neural cells play a crucial function in the modulation of signal transmission in the brain in physiological conditions. However, in pathological conditions, such EVs can facilitate the spread of pathological proteins from one brain region to the other. On the other hand, the analysis of EVs in biofluids can identify sensitive biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and disease progression. This review discusses the potential therapeutic use of stem cell-derived EVs in several central nervous system diseases. It lists their differences and similarities and confers various studies exploring EVs as biomarkers. Further advances in EV research in the coming years will likely lead to the routine use of EVs in therapeutic settings.