One of the main tasks in expertise of living persons is to determine the harm caused to human health. According to the regulations, only harm to human health caused by an injury and causally related with it is taken into account in the forensic examination of a living person. The establishment of a causal link allows to assess correctly the harm severity caused to human health. In this respect, the study of the effect of biological damaging factor on human body (cause) and the result of this interaction (effect) is a new step in modern science. The article presents the analysis of data from the reports of the Russian Reference Center on monitoring of enteric infection agents for 2016-2021; the results of examinations of subjects who suffered from acute enteric infections for 2018-2019 to study causal links in forensic medicine in cases of acute intestinal infections.
Одной из основных задач в экспертизах живых лиц является определение вреда, причиненного здоровью человека. Согласно нормативным документам, при производстве судебно-медицинской экспертизы в отношении живого лица учитывается только вред, причиненный здоровью человека, вызванный травмой и причинно с ней связанный. Установление причинно-следственной связи позволяет правильно дать оценку тяжести вреда, причиненного здоровью человека. В этом отношении изучение воздействия биологического повреждающего фактора на организм человека (причины) и результата этого взаимодействия (следствия) является новым витком в современной науке. В статье представлен анализ данных из отчетов Российского референс-центра по мониторингу возбудителей кишечных инфекций за 2016—2021 гг.; результатов экспертиз лиц, перенесших острые кишечные инфекции за 2018—2019 гг. с целью изучения причинно-следственной связи в судебной медицине в случаях острых кишечных инфекций.

The radial growth of trees plays a crucial role in determining forest carbon sequestration capacity. Understanding the growth dynamics of trees and their response to environmental factors is essential for predicting forest\'s carbon sink potential under future climate change. Coniferous forest trees are particularly sensitive to climate change, with growth dynamics responding rapidly to environmental shifts. We collected and analyzed data from 99 papers published between 1975 and 2023, and examined the effects of exogenous factors (such as temperature, water, and photoperiod) and endogenous factors (including tree age and species) on cambial activity and radial growth in conifers. We further explored the mechanisms underlying these effects. The results showed that climate warming had the potential to advance the onset while delayed the end of xylem differentiation stages in conifers in temperate and boreal regions. Water availability played a crucial role in regulating the timing of cambial phenology and wood formation by influencing water potential and cell turgor. Additionally, the photoperiod not only participated in regulating the start and end times of growth, but also influenced the timing of maximum growth rate occurrence. Future climate warming was expected to extend the growing season, leading to increase in growth of conifers in boreal regions and expanding forests to higher altitudes or latitudes. However, changes in precipitation patterns and increased evapotranspiration resulting from temperature increases might advance the end of growing season and reduce growth rate in arid areas. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between radial growth and climatic factors, it is necessary to develop process-based models to elucidate the physiological mechanisms underlying wood formation and the response of trees to climatic factors.
树木径向生长是森林固碳的主要方式,明确树木生长动态及其与环境要素的响应关系对于预测气候变化背景下森林固碳能力具有重要意义。针叶树生长对气候变化非常敏感,其生长动态能够快速响应气候变化。本文收集了1975—2023年的99篇文献,评述了外源因素(温度、水分和光周期)和内在因素(树龄、树种)对针叶树形成层活动和径向生长的影响及其机制。结果表明:气候变暖可能会导致温带和北方针叶树木质部分化的各阶段开始时间提前,生长停止时间推迟;水分条件参与调控形成层活动的开始并通过影响水势和细胞膨压进而调节树木生长;光周期除了可以参与调节生长开始、结束时间外,也对最大生长速率发生时间产生重要影响。未来气候变暖可能会使北方针叶树生长季延长、生长量增加,并使森林向更高海拔或高纬度地区迁移。同时,未来降水格局改变以及温度升高导致的蒸散发加剧可能会使干旱区树木生长季提前结束,生长速率下降。在未来研究中,还需进一步开发树木生长过程模型,量化径向生长与气候要素的关系,以便进一步明确树木生长对气候要素响应的生理机制。.

BACKGROUND: This systematic review aims to identify genetic and biologic markers associated with abdominal hernia formation.
METHODS: Following PRIMSA-guidelines, we searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and COCHRANE databases.
RESULTS: Of 5946 studies, 65 were selected, excluding parastomal hernias due to insufficient data. For inguinal hernias, five studies unveiled 92 susceptible loci across 66 genes, predominantly linked to immune responses. Eleven studies observed elevated MMP-2 levels, with seven highlighting greater MMP-2 in direct compared to indirect inguinal hernias. One incisional hernia study identified unique gene-expression profiles in 174 genes associated with inflammation and cell-adhesion. In hiatal hernias, several genetic risk loci were identified. For all hernia categories, type I/III collagen ratios diminished.
CONCLUSIONS: Biological markers in inguinal hernias appears consistent. Yet, the genetic predisposition in incisional hernias remains elusive. Further research to elucidate these genetic and biological intricacies can pave the way for more individualized patient care.

BACKGROUND: Appropriate re-evaluation after neoadjuvant treatment (NAT) is important for optimal treatment selection. Nonetheless, determining the operative eligibility of patients with a modest radiologic response remains controversial. This study aimed to assess the prognostic significance of biologic factors for patients showing a modest radiologic response to NAT and investigate the tumor markers (TMs), CA19-9 alone, DUPAN-II alone, and their combination, to create an index that combines these sialyl-Lewis antigen-related TMs associated with treatment outcomes.
METHODS: This study enrolled patients deemed to have a \"stable disease\" by RECIST classification with slight progression (tumor size increase rate, ≤20%) as their radiologic response after NAT. A sialyl-Lewis-related index (sLe index), calculated by adding one fourth of the serum DUPAN-II value to the CA19-9 value, was created. The prognostic significances of CA19-9, DUPAN-II, and the sLe index were assessed in relation to postoperative outcomes.
RESULTS: An sLe index lower than the cutoff value (45.25) was significantly associated with favorable disease-free survival. Moreover, the post-NAT sLe index had a higher area under the curve value for recurrence within 24 months than the post-NAT levels of CA19-9 or DUPAN-II alone. Multivariable analysis showed that a post-NAT sLe index higher than 45.25 was the single independent predictive factor for recurrence within 24 months.
CONCLUSIONS: Additional evaluation of biologic factors can potentially enhance patient selection, particularly for patients showing a limited radiologic response to NAT. The authors\' index is a simple indicator for the biologic evaluation of multiple combined sialyl-Lewis antigen-related TMs and may offer a better predictive significance.

The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects of physiotherapeutic interventions on biomarkers of neuropathic pain in preclinical models of peripheral neuropathic pain (PNP). The search was performed in Pubmed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane, Cinhal, Psycinfo, Scopus, Medline, and Science Direct. Studies evaluating any type of physiotherapy intervention for PNP (systemic or traumatic) were included. Eighty-one articles were included in this review. The most common PNP model was chronic constriction injury, and the most frequently studied biomarkers were related to neuro-immune processes. Exercise therapy and Electro-acupuncture were the 2 most frequently studied physiotherapy interventions while acupuncture and joint mobilization were less frequently examined. Most physiotherapeutic interventions modulated the expression of biomarkers related to neuropathic pain. Whereas the results seem promising; they have to be considered with caution due to the high risk of bias of included studies and high heterogeneity of the type and anatomical localization of biomarkers reported. The review protocol is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42019142878). PERSPECTIVE: This article presents the current evidence about physiotherapeutic interventions on biomarkers of neuropathic pain in preclinical models of peripheral neuropathic pain. Existing findings are reviewed, and relevant data are provided on the effectiveness of each physiotherapeutic modality, as well as its certainty of evidence and clinical applicability.

Health perception is a subjective predictor of long-term morbidity and mortality. Few studies address the perception that pregnant women have of their oral health.
The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between socioeconomic factors and self-assessment of oral health in pregnant women from Cali, Colombia.
A cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of 998 pregnant women, calculated using the formula to estimate a proportion in finite populations, with a confidence level of 95%. A questionnaire was applied for sociodemographic characterization, as well as to enquire about oral health perception, knowledge, and practices of oral health.
The mean age of the surveyed mothers was 24.7, with a standard deviation of 6.1, of which 23.6% were adolescents. The perception they had about their oral health status was considered good by 60.8%. Of the 82.9% who reported having attended dentistry, more than half perceived good oral health. Pregnant women with no history of oral problems, with a perception of medium or high income, and with good oral hygiene practices tend to have a good perception of their oral health.
Pregnant women with no history of oral problems, with a perception of medium or high income, and with good oral hygiene practices tend to have a good perception of their oral health.

BACKGROUND: As studies on ethnic disparities in metabolic syndrome and its risk factors in Taiwan are still rare, the aims of this study were: (1) to detect the differences in the rates of metabolic syndrome, obesity and health behaviors between two ethnic groups (indigenous Tsou and nonindigenous Han) living in the same area and with similar age and sex distributions; (2) to examine whether ethnicity per se plays a significant role in the occurrence of metabolic syndrome, while taking other risk factors including sociodemographic characteristics, obesity and health behaviors into consideration.
METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study using data from a community survey conducted in Chiayi County in southwestern Taiwan. A frequency matching strategy by age and sex with a ratio of 1 (Tsou) to 3 (Han) was applied to select a comparable sample between both ethnic groups (667 Tsou and 2001 Han) from among the survey participants. Furthermore, participants with cardiometabolic diseases diagnosed before the surveyed day were excluded to avoid confounding any associated risk factors for developing metabolic syndrome (MS). A final analytic sample of 1482 remained. The used information included sociodemographic characteristics, medical histories, health behaviors, and the concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and glucose.
RESULTS: Indigenous Tsou had significantly higher rates of metabolic syndromes, obesity and unhealthy behaviors than their Han counterparts (MS: 54.0% vs. 29.1%, obesity: 54.0% vs. 23.2%, drinking alcohol: 17.5% vs. 13.6%, and higher intake of fried food: 6.4% vs. 4.4%), even though they were similar in age and sex distributions. The significant risk factors for subsequently developing MS included being indigenous Tsou (adjusted POR = 2.62, P < 0.001), older, single, and obese. Stratified analyses on the risk factors for developing MS by health behaviors and by obese problems also indicated increased risks of being indigenous Tsou.
CONCLUSIONS: There existed ethnic differences in the rates of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and health behaviors. Ethnicity per se did play a significant role in developing MS; in particular indigenous Tsou people had increased risks, suggesting possible biological reasons rooted in their origins that need further exploration. In addition, unhealthy behaviors may potentially have an indirect effect on developing MS via their effect on obesity.

Tree growth is the main way of carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems, which is influenced by climatic and non-climatic factors. The long-term location monitoring of cambial phenology and wood formation dynamics (xylogenesis) is an important method to clarify the responses of radial growth to climate change. Here, we reviewed studies on cambial phenology and xylogenesis by microcoring method. Firstly, we reviewed the effects of climatic factors on cambial phenology. The onset and cessation of xylogenesis were determined by temperature in cold and humid conditions. Temperature and water availability collectively modulated the onset of xylogenesis under dry conditions, and the later determined the end of xylogenesis. The radial increment was regulated by rate and duration of cell production, with the maximum of growth rate occurring around the summer solstice. Short-term N addition did not affect wood formation dynamics. Secondly, we reviewed the roles of biological factors in regulating xylogenesis. The onset of xylogenesis differred among species, ages, and inter-specific competition. Seasonal dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates were coupled with wood formation. Finally, we reviewed the response mechanisms of xylogenesis to the interaction of climatic and biological factors. In conclusion, we put forward problems in current studies and prospected future development to provide reference for further scientific research.
树木生长是森林生态系统固碳的主要方式,树木生长过程受到气候与非气候因素的共同作用。树木径向生长长期定位监测是明确树木生长对气候变化响应的重要研究手段。本文对运用微树芯法的树木形成层活动及径向生长过程研究进行了总结。首先,综述了气候因素对树木形成层活动的影响: 寒冷湿润区温度决定树木生长开始和停止,干旱半干旱区水分和温度共同决定生长开始,水分决定生长停止;生长速率和持续时间共同决定生长量,最大生长速率出现在夏至前后;短期施氮并不能影响树木径向生长动态。其次,探讨了生物因素对树木径向生长过程的调控: 形成层活动开始时间因树种、树龄、竞争关系而有所差异;非结构性碳水化合物的季节动态与径向生长过程相耦合。最后,阐述了气候因素和生物因素交互作用下树木次生生长的响应机制。针对以上进展,本文提出了目前研究尚存在的问题并展望了未来的发展前景,以期为进一步的科学研究提供参考。.

Ligaments are dense fibrous connective tissue that maintains joint stability through bone-to-bone connections. Ligament tears that due to sports injury or tissue aging usually require surgical intervention, and transplanting autologous, allogeneic, or artificial ligaments for reconstruction is the gold standard for treating such diseases in spite of many drawbacks. With the development of materialogy and manufacturing technology, engineered ligament tissue based on bioscaffold is expected to become a new substitute, which can lead to tissue regeneration by simulating the structure, composition, and biomechanical properties of natural tissue. This paper reviewed some recently published in vitro and animal researches focusing on ligament tissue engineering, then evaluated the properties and the effects on tissue repair and reconstruction of fiber structure scaffolds, multi-phase interface scaffolds and bio-derived scaffolds designed by bionic principle and made of different materials, manufacturing techniques and biological factors. Finally, summarization followed by the prospection for future development direction of biological scaffolds in ligament tissue engineering research is given.
韧带是致密的纤维结缔组织，通过骨间连接维持关节的稳定性。运动损伤或组织老化引起的韧带撕裂通常需要手术干预，目前使用自体、异体或人工韧带作为移植物进行重建是治疗该类疾病的金标准，但这些移植物都存在诸多弊端。随着材料学和制造技术的发展，以生物支架为基础的工程化韧带组织有望成为新的组织供体，通过模拟天然组织的结构、成分和生物力学性能来达到再生组织的目的。本综述根据近期韧带组织工程的体外和动物实验研究，评估了以仿生性为设计原则，使用不同材料、制造技术和生物因素制造的纤维结构支架、多相界面支架和生物组织衍生支架的各项性能以及在促进韧带修复和重建中的效果。最后，总结并展望未来韧带组织工程研究中生物支架的发展方向。.

The effects of biological factors including dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, carbon/nitrogen (C/N) and hydraulic retention times (HRT) on the performance of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) in a moving bed sequencing batch reactor (MBSBR) were investigated. A low DO was found to be advantageous to the SND in that nitrification was not inhibited, while pH and C/N ratio were shown to have positive effects on SND, and HRT needed to be controlled in a suitable range. A desirable SND efficiency was obtained at a DO of 2.5 mg L-1, pH of approximately 8.0, C/N ratio of 10 and HRT of 10 h in the MBSBR. High-throughput sequencing analysis showed that different operating conditions impacted microbial communities, resulting in different nitrogen removal mechanisms. Autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification together contributed to the good nitrification performance, while denitrification was conducted by combined anoxic and aerobic processes. Furthermore, the results of principal component analyses (PCA) and the abundance of the predominant nitrification and denitrification genera both showed that DO and HRT might be regarded as the dominant variable factors influencing community structure analysis during SND, while the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) algorithm showed differences in abundance among the biofilm microbial communities with different DO. Overall, the results of this study improve our understanding of the bacterial community structure with different operating conditions in MBSBRs.