anti-aging

抗衰老
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    清除衰老细胞可能对低细胞密度疾病有害,如椎间盘退变(IVDD),使这些细胞恢复活力是一个巨大的障碍。在这项研究中,我们研究了采用硼化镁-藻酸盐(MB-ALG)水凝胶的温和碱化策略,以恢复与年龄相关疾病相关的衰老细胞的活力.MB-ALG水凝胶由于其表面粗糙度而熟练地吸引衰老细胞。MB-ALG水凝胶的水解释放氢氧离子(OH-),实现从酸性微环境(pH~6.2)到轻度碱性状态(pH~8.0)的转变,从而通过激活PI3K/Akt/mTOR途径促进衰老细胞增殖。此外,H2有助于清除ROS,减少细胞氧化应激。And,Mg2+通过抑制Ca2+流入和微调sirt1-p53信号通路使衰老细胞恢复活力。在大鼠椎间盘上进行的体外和体内实验证实了MB-ALG水凝胶的持续抗衰老和恢复活力的特性,术后效果持续12周。这些发现阐明了轻度碱化在决定细胞命运中的作用,并为解决与年龄有关的疾病提供了关键见解。
    The clearance of senescent cells may be detrimental to low cell density diseases, such as intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), and rejuvenating these cells presents a formidable obstacle. In this study, we investigate a mild-alkalization strategy employing magnesium boride-alginate (MB-ALG) hydrogels to rejuvenate senescent cells associated with age-related diseases. MB-ALG hydrogels proficiently ensnare senescent cells owing to their surface roughness. The hydrolysis of MB-ALG hydrogels liberates hydroxide ions (OH-), effecting a transition from an acidic microenvironment (pH ∼ 6.2) to a mildly alkaline state (pH ∼ 8.0), thereby fostering senescent cell proliferation via activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Additionally, H2 aids in ROS clearance, which reduces cellular oxidative stress. And, Mg2+ rejuvenates senescent cells by inhibiting Ca2+ influx and fine-tuning the sirt1-p53 signaling pathways. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments conducted on rat intervertebral discs corroborate the sustained antisenescence and rejuvenation properties of MB-ALG hydrogels, with effects persisting for up to 12 weeks postoperation. These discoveries elucidate the role of mild-alkalization in dictating cellular destiny and provide key insights for addressing age-related diseases.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    免疫系统是人体的主要调节系统,由免疫细胞组成,免疫器官,和相关的信号因素。随着有机体年龄的增长,可观察到的与年龄相关的免疫系统功能变化在一个被描述为免疫衰老的过程中积累。研究表明,衰老对免疫力的影响是有害的,在细胞水平上影响免疫细胞功能的各种失调反应。例如,已显示衰老增加会导致嗜中性粒细胞的异常趋化性和巨噬细胞的吞噬作用降低。免疫细胞类型的年龄相关功能减弱对宿主适应性有直接影响,导致疫苗接种反应较差,更多的炎症和组织损伤,以及自身免疫性疾病和无法控制感染。同样,年龄影响免疫系统在器官水平的功能,导致骨髓造血功能下降,胸腺中过氧化氢酶逐渐缺乏,和胸腺萎缩,导致相关免疫细胞如B细胞和T细胞的产生减少,进一步增加老年人自身免疫性疾病的风险。随着身体的免疫功能减弱,衰老细胞和炎症因子不能被清除,导致随着时间的推移,炎症增加的循环。累计,免疫老化的后果增加了发展与年龄有关的疾病的可能性,如老年痴呆症,动脉粥样硬化,骨质疏松症,在其他人中。因此,靶向免疫系统细胞内发生的年龄相关变化可能是一种有效的抗衰老策略.在这篇文章中,我们总结了免疫衰老研究的相关文献,关注它对衰老的影响,以期为抗衰老研究提供新的方向。
    The immune system is a major regulatory system of the body, that is composed of immune cells, immune organs, and related signaling factors. As an organism ages, observable age-related changes in the function of the immune system accumulate in a process described as \'immune aging. Research has shown that the impact of aging on immunity is detrimental, with various dysregulated responses that affect the function of immune cells at the cellular level. For example, increased aging has been shown to result in the abnormal chemotaxis of neutrophils and decreased phagocytosis of macrophages. Age-related diminished functionality of immune cell types has direct effects on host fitness, leading to poorer responses to vaccination, more inflammation and tissue damage, as well as autoimmune disorders and the inability to control infections. Similarly, age impacts the function of the immune system at the organ level, resulting in decreased hematopoietic function in the bone marrow, a gradual deficiency of catalase in the thymus, and thymic atrophy, resulting in reduced production of related immune cells such as B cells and T cells, further increasing the risk of autoimmune disorders in the elderly. As the immune function of the body weakens, aging cells and inflammatory factors cannot be cleared, resulting in a cycle of increased inflammation that accumulates over time. Cumulatively, the consequences of immune aging increase the likelihood of developing age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer\'s disease, atherosclerosis, and osteoporosis, among others. Therefore, targeting the age-related changes that occur within cells of the immune system might be an effective anti-aging strategy. In this article, we summarize the relevant literature on immune aging research, focusing on its impact on aging, in hopes of providing new directions for anti-aging research.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    小苍兰(FR),虹膜科的多年生花卉(虹膜科),广泛用于化妆品,尽管有限的科学证据表明其皮肤的好处和化学成分,特别是FR愈伤组织提取物(FCE)。这项研究确定了FCE中的生物活性化合物,并评估了它们的皮肤益处,专注于抗衰老。培养FR愈伤组织,在40°C下用水提取,并使用离心分离色谱(CPC)进行分析,核磁共振(NMR),HCA,揭示关键化合物,即烟酰胺和焦谷氨酸。在正常和老化的成纤维细胞中,FCE显着将胶原蛋白I的产生增加了52%,并将成纤维细胞-胶原蛋白的相互作用增强了37%。对43名女性志愿者的体内研究表明,在施用含3%FCE的乳膏28天后,皮肤粗糙度降低了11.1%,胶原蛋白密度增加了2.3倍。此外,含有FCE的化妆品的保存测试证实了它们在12周内的稳定性。这些结果表明,FCE通过增强胶原蛋白的产生和成纤维细胞-胶原蛋白的相互作用提供了大量的抗衰老益处。这些发现强调了FCE在化妆品应用中的潜力,提供皮肤光滑度和整体外观的显著改善。这项研究填补了有关FR愈伤组织提取物的皮肤益处和化学成分的科学文献中的空白,支持其用于开发有效的药妆品。
    Freesia refracta (FR), a perennial flower of the Iris family (Iridaceae), is widely used in cosmetics despite limited scientific evidence of its skin benefits and chemical composition, particularly of FR callus extract (FCE). This study identified biologically active compounds in FCE and assessed their skin benefits, focusing on anti-aging. FR calli were cultured, extracted with water at 40 °C, and analyzed using Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (CPC), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and HCA, revealing key compounds, namely nicotinamide and pyroglutamic acid. FCE significantly increased collagen I production by 52% in normal and aged fibroblasts and enhanced fibroblast-collagen interaction by 37%. An in vivo study of 43 female volunteers demonstrated an 11.1% reduction in skin roughness and a 2.3-fold increase in collagen density after 28 days of cream application containing 3% FCE. Additionally, the preservation tests of cosmetics containing FCE confirmed their stability over 12 weeks. These results suggest that FCE offers substantial anti-aging benefits by enhancing collagen production and fibroblast-collagen interactions. These findings highlighted the potential of FCE in cosmetic applications, providing significant improvements in skin smoothness and overall appearance. This study fills a gap in the scientific literature regarding the skin benefits and chemical composition of FR callus extract, supporting its use in the development of effective cosmeceuticals.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    衰老是一个自然且不可逆转的过程,通过对组织和细胞的形态和功能产生负面影响来影响生物体,从而导致衰老相关疾病。考虑到消费者和研究人员的实际关注,为了解决这些问题,人们正在深入研究健康的抗衰老替代品。由于其功能特点,植物类黄酮可以被认为是有价值的营养品。本文强调了使用从各种植物中提取的类黄酮对皮肤的抗衰老潜力的可能性,大脑,和心脏。此外,它们的抗癌作用,抗炎,和抗糖尿病特性进行了总结,以及衰老相关机制。营养食品和药妆领域都在不断发展,源自植物的类黄酮是获得此类产品的有希望的候选人。因此,生物活性化合物的提取及其随后在创新产品制造中的参与必须仔细进行,同时了解可能影响植物化学物质结构的各种内在和外在因素,生物利用度,和健康影响。
    Aging is a natural and irreversible process, affecting living organisms by negatively impacting the tissues\' and cells\' morphology and functionality and consequently being responsible for aging-related diseases. Taking into account the actual preoccupations of both consumers and researchers, healthy anti-aging alternatives are being intensively studied in order to address such concerns. Due to their functional features, plant flavonoids can be considered valuable nutraceuticals. This paper highlights the possibilities to use flavonoids extracted from various plants for their anti-aging potential on the skin, brain, and heart. Moreover, their anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic properties are summarized, along with the senescence-associated mechanisms. Both the nutraceutical and cosmeceutical fields are continuously developing and flavonoids originating from plants are promising candidates to obtain such products. Thus, the bioactive compounds\' extraction and their subsequent involvement in innovative product manufacturing must be carefully performed while being aware of the various intrinsic and extrinsic factors that may affect the phytochemicals\' structures, bioavailability, and health effects.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:衰老是影响所有器官系统的多方面过程。随着人口老龄化趋势的加剧,与衰老相关的疾病导致了重大的医疗挑战和社会经济负担。间充质基质细胞(MSCs),由于它们的抗氧化压力,免疫调节,和组织修复能力,作为一种潜在的抗衰老干预措施。
    方法:在本研究中,我们在24个月时将MSCs移植到自然衰老的大鼠中,随后检查了衰老相关因子的水平,如β-半乳糖苷酶,超氧化物歧化酶,p16,p21和丙二醛在多个器官。此外,我们评估了这些老年大鼠的各种衰老相关表型,包括免疫衰老,脂质沉积,心肌纤维化,和组织损伤。我们还进行了16S核糖体核糖核酸(rRNA)分析,以研究肠道微生物群的组成。
    结果:结果表明,MSCs可显著降低心脏等多器官中衰老相关因子和氧化应激相关因子的水平,肝脏,和自然衰老大鼠的肺。此外,它们减轻了老化引起的慢性组织损伤和炎症,肝脏脂质沉积和心肌纤维化水平降低,减轻衰老相关免疫缺陷和免疫细胞凋亡,并积极影响肠道微生物群组成,使其走向更年轻的状态。这项研究强调了MSCs的多种抗衰老作用,包括减少氧化应激,组织修复,代谢调节,和免疫功能的改善,揭示与MSCs相关的潜在抗衰老机制。
    结论:该研究证实,MSCs作为一种潜在的抗衰老方法具有很大的前景。提供了延长寿命和提高老年人口生活质量的可能性。
    BACKGROUND: Aging is a multifaceted process that affects all organ systems. With the increasing trend of population aging, aging-related diseases have resulted in significant medical challenges and socioeconomic burdens. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), due to their antioxidative stress, immunoregulatory, and tissue repair capabilities, hold promise as a potential anti-aging intervention.
    METHODS: In this study, we transplanted MSCs into naturally aged rats at 24 months, and subsequently examined levels of aging-related factors such as β-galactosidase, superoxide dismutase, p16, p21 and malondialdehyde in multiple organs. Additionally, we assessed various aging-related phenotypes in these aged rats, including immune senescence, lipid deposition, myocardial fibrosis, and tissue damage. We also conducted a 16 S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) analysis to study the composition of gut microbiota.
    RESULTS: The results indicated that MSCs significantly reduced the levels of aging-associated and oxidative stress-related factors in multiple organs such as the heart, liver, and lungs of naturally aging rats. Furthermore, they mitigated chronic tissue damage and inflammation caused by aging, reduced levels of liver lipid deposition and myocardial fibrosis, alleviated aging-associated immunodeficiency and immune cell apoptosis, and positively influenced the gut microbiota composition towards a more youthful state. This research underscores the diverse anti-aging effects of MSCs, including oxidative stress reduction, tissue repair, metabolic regulation, and improvement of immune functions, shedding light on the underlying anti-aging mechanisms associated with MSCs.
    CONCLUSIONS: The study confirms that MSCs hold great promise as a potential anti-aging approach, offering the possibility of extending lifespan and improving the quality of life in the elderly population.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)伴有炎症增加,肺功能持续下降,和广泛的肺损伤。Klotho,一种众所周知的抗衰老蛋白,具有抗炎和抗氧化作用。然而,klotho对COPD的影响尚未完全阐明.这项研究检查了COPD成年人与其α-klotho水平之间的关系。
    数据来自2007年至2012年国家健康和营养检查调查(NHANES)。对676名参与者进行了分析,并将其分为COPD组(n=403)和非COPD组(n=273)。比较两组的临床特征。使用Logistic回归分析和广义累加模型来估计COPD发病率与血清α-klotho浓度之间的关系。根据α-klotho水平对所有COPD参与者进行分层(Q1:<687pg。/mL;Q2:687-900pg。/mL;Q3:≥900pg。/mL),并对临床特点进行比较。
    非COPD个体的α-klotho水平高于COPD个体(863.09±267.13vs.817.51±302.20,p<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,Q2和Q3层的COPD风险低于Q1层,第二季度的比值比(ORs)为0.73(0.50,0.99),第三季度为0.58(0.41,0.86)(p<0.001)。广义相加模型表明,当α-klotho浓度<1,500pg时,COPD的风险随α-klotho浓度的增加而逐渐降低。/mL,而COPD的风险随着α-klotho浓度增加至≥1,500pg而增加。/mL。与Q2或Q3组的个体相比,Q1组中患有COPD的个体更有可能是当前吸烟者,红细胞水平较低,肌酐和白细胞水平较高。
    在40岁以上α-klotho<1,500pg的参与者中,α-klotho水平升高与COPD风险呈负相关。/mL。当α-klotho≥1,500pg时。/mL,随着α-klotho水平的升高,COPD的风险也随之增加.不同α-klotho水平的COPD患者的肺通气功能和血细胞数量不同。
    UNASSIGNED: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is accompanied by increased inflammation, persistent lung function decline, and extensive lung injury. Klotho, a well-known antiaging protein, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. However, the effects of klotho on COPD have yet to be thoroughly elucidated. This study examined the association among COPD adults and their α-klotho level.
    UNASSIGNED: Data were collected from the 2007 to 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). A total of 676 participants were analyzed and divided into COPD (n = 403) and non-COPD (n = 273) groups. The two groups were compared with respect to clinical characteristics. Logistic regression analysis and a generalized additive model were used to estimate the association between COPD incidence and serum α-klotho concentration. All COPD participants were stratified according to the levels of α-klotho (Q1: <687 pg./mL; Q2: 687-900 pg./mL; Q3: ≥900 pg./mL), and clinical characteristics were compared.
    UNASSIGNED: Non-COPD individuals had higher α-klotho levels than did COPD individuals (863.09 ± 267.13 vs. 817.51 ± 302.20, p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the Q2 and Q3 layers had a lower risk of COPD than did the Q1 layer, with odds ratios (ORs) of 0.73 (0.50, 0.99) for Q2 and 0.58 (0.41, 0.86) for Q3 (p < 0.001). The generalized additive model showed that the risk of COPD gradually decreased with increasing α-klotho concentration when the α-klotho concentration < 1,500 pg./mL, while the risk of COPD increased as the α-klotho concentration increased to ≥1,500 pg./mL. Compared with individuals in the Q2 or Q3 groups, individuals with COPD in the Q1 group were more likely to be current smokers, have lower levels of erythrocytes, and have higher levels of creatinine and leukocytes.
    UNASSIGNED: Increased α-klotho levels were negatively correlated with the risk of COPD in participants over 40 years old with α-klotho <1,500 pg./mL. When α-klotho was ≥1,500 pg./mL, the risk of COPD increased as α-klotho levels increased. Pulmonary ventilation function and the number of hemocytes differed among COPD patients with different levels of α-klotho.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    灵芝是一种中药真菌,在医疗保健和疾病治疗中有着悠久的历史。灵芝孢子(GLS)是在生长成熟阶段从蘑菇帽释放的微小生殖细胞。它们含有灵芝的所有遗传活性物质。灵芝孢子油(GLSO)是使用超临界CO2提取技术从破壁灵芝孢子中提取的脂质成分。GLSO含有脂肪酸,灵芝三萜,甾醇和其他生物活性化合物。以前的研究表明,GLSO具有广泛的药理特性,包括抗肿瘤,抗衰老,神经保护,免疫调节,肝脏保护和代谢疾病的调节。本文综述了近二十年来GLSO在生物活性成分方面的研究进展,提取和加工技术,药理作用和安全性评价。这为GLSO的进一步研究和应用提供了坚实的基础。
    Ganoderma lucidum is a Chinese medicinal fungus with a long history of use in healthcare and disease treatment. G. lucidum spores (GLS) are tiny germ cells released from the mushroom cap during the mature stage of growth. They contain all the genetic active substances of G. lucidum. G. lucidum spore oil (GLSO) is a lipid component extracted from broken-walled Ganoderma spores using supercritical CO2 extraction technology. GLSO contains fatty acids, Ganoderma triterpenes, sterols and other bioactive compounds. Previous studies have demonstrated that GLSO has a wide range of pharmacological properties, including anti-tumor, anti-aging, neuroprotection, immunomodulation, hepatoprotection and modulation of metabolic diseases. This review summarizes the research progress of GLSO over the past two decades in terms of its bioactive components, extraction and processing techniques, pharmacological effects and safety evaluation. This provides a solid foundation for further research and application of GLSO.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    磷虾油(KO),从南极海洋甲壳动物Euphausiasuperba中提取,是一种营养丰富的物质,包括丰富的n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3PUFA),磷脂(PL),虾青素(ASX),以及维生素A和E,矿物,和类黄酮.作为一种优质的脂类资源,近年来,KO因其健康保护特性而被广泛用作膳食补充剂。KO有各种好处,包括抗氧化,抗炎,代谢调节,神经保护,和肠道微生物组调节作用。尤其是,抗氧化和抗炎作用使KO在护肤应用中具有潜力。随着对天然皮肤抗衰老解决方案的需求不断增加,KO已经成为皮肤病学中一种有价值的营养食品,显示出减轻皮肤老化影响和增强整体皮肤健康和活力的潜力。这篇综述概述了KO对皮肤有益影响的现有研究,探索其功能作用和潜在机制,通过它有助于皮肤健康和疾病管理。
    Krill oil (KO), extracted from the Antarctic marine crustacean Euphausia superba, is a nutrient-dense substance that includes rich profiles of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), phospholipids (PLs), astaxanthin (ASX), as well as vitamins A and E, minerals, and flavonoids. As a high-quality lipid resource, KO has been widely used as a dietary supplement for its health-protective properties in recent years. KO has various benefits, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, metabolic regulatory, neuroprotective, and gut microbiome modulatory effects. Especially, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects make KO have potential in skin care applications. With increasing demands for natural skin anti-aging solutions, KO has emerged as a valuable nutraceutical in dermatology, showing potential for mitigating the effects of skin aging and enhancing overall skin health and vitality. This review provides an overview of existing studies on the beneficial impact of KO on the skin, exploring its functional roles and underlying mechanisms through which it contributes to dermatological health and disease management.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    在我们的研究中,使用色谱技术,我们分离出三种生物活性化合物,在结构上阐明为(E)-2-(3-(3,4-二甲氧基苯基)丙烯酰胺基)-N-甲基苯甲酰胺(1),4-羟基喹啉-2-羧酸(2),和(E)-2-氰基-3-(4-羟基苯基)丙烯酸(3),使用光谱学方法。抗黑色素生成,抗炎,抗氧化剂,和抗衰老特性在体外通过测量包括酪氨酸酶,黑色素,NF-κB,透明质酸酶,弹性蛋白酶,胶原酶,Nrf2我们的结果表明,化合物1是最有活性的,IC50值为14.19μM(酪氨酸酶抑制),22.24μM(黑色素抑制),9.82-12.72μM(NF-κB抑制),79.71μM(透明质酸酶抑制),80.13μM(弹性蛋白酶抑制),76.59μM(胶原酶抑制),在THP-1、HEK001、WS1和HMCB细胞中和116-385nM(Nrf2激活)。这些发现强调了在安全的细胞毒性浓度下杀尿叶的水提取物的有希望的概况。此外,我们报告,第一次,这些含氮化合物在R.urtifolius物种中的分离和表征。最后,化合物1,分离自R.urticifolius,是开发与皮肤色素沉着相关的疾病的更有效和更安全的化合物的有希望的候选人,防止炎症,和氧化应激。
    In our study, using chromatographic techniques, we isolated three bioactive compounds, which were structurally elucidated as (E)-2-(3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylamido)-N-methylbenzamide (1), 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid (2), and (E)-2-Cyano-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid (3), using spectroscopic methods. The anti-melanogenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-aging properties were evaluated in vitro by measuring the activity of pharmacological targets including tyrosinase, melanin, NF-κB, hyaluronidase, elastase, collagenase, and Nrf2. Our results show that compound 1 is the most active with IC50 values of 14.19 μM (tyrosinase inhibition), 22.24 μM (melanin inhibition), 9.82-12.72 μM (NF-κB inhibition), 79.71 μM (hyaluronidase inhibition), 80.13 μM (elastase inhibition), 76.59 μM (collagenase inhibition), and 116-385 nM (Nrf2 activation) in the THP-1, HEK001, WS1, and HMCB cells. These findings underscore the promising profiles of the aqueous extract of R. urticifolius at safe cytotoxic concentrations. Additionally, we report, for the first time, the isolation and characterisation of these nitrogenous compounds in the R. urticifolius species. Finally, compound 1, isolated from R. urticifolius, is a promising candidate for the development of more effective and safer compounds for diseases related to skin pigmentation, protection against inflammation, and oxidative stress.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    外泌体是细胞培养物中的小膜囊泡。它们由大多数细胞分泌并且源自内体途径。各种各样的蛋白质,脂质,和遗传物质已被证明是由外泌体携带的。一旦被邻近或遥远的细胞占据,外泌体中的生物活性化合物可以调节受体细胞的状况。通常,大量生产外泌体需要细胞培养,导致生产成本高。然而,外泌体在牛奶中含量丰富,可以低成本大规模分离。在我们的研究中,我们发现牛奶外泌体可以促进角质层脂质的合成和重建,增强皮肤屏障功能,并为皮肤提供更大的保护。此外,牛奶外泌体具有抗炎特性,可以减少皮肤刺激,发红,和其他症状,立即给予救济。它们还表现出抗氧化活性,这有助于中和自由基,减缓皮肤老化过程。此外,牛奶外泌体抑制黑色素的产生,帮助皮肤美白。正在进行的研究发现了牛奶外泌体对皮肤改善的好处及其在化妆品中的应用,皮肤保健,和其他领域,这些应用程序正在继续扩展。
    Exosomes are small membrane vesicles in a cell culture. They are secreted by most cells and originate from the endosomal pathway. A variety of proteins, lipids, and genetic materials have been shown to be carried by exosomes. Once taken up by neighboring or distant cells, the bioactive compounds in exosomes can regulate the condition of recipient cells. Typically, producing exosomes in large quantities requires cell culture, resulting in high production costs. However, exosomes are abundant in milk and can be isolated on a large scale at a low cost. In our study, we found that milk exosomes can promote the synthesis and reconstruction of stratum corneum lipids, enhance skin barrier function, and provide greater protection for the skin. Furthermore, milk exosomes have anti-inflammatory properties that can reduce skin irritation, redness, and other symptoms, giving immediate relief. They also exhibit antioxidant activity, which helps neutralize free radicals and slows down the skin aging process. Additionally, milk exosomes inhibit melanin production, aiding in skin whitening. Ongoing research has uncovered the benefits of milk exosomes for skin improvement and their application in cosmetics, skin healthcare, and other fields, and these applications are continuing to expand.
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