abiotic stresses

非生物胁迫
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:苜蓿(MedicagosativaL.)是种植最广泛的豆科牧草,也是世界上最具经济价值的作物之一。丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶(SHMT),一种依赖磷酸吡哆醛的酶,在植物生长中起着至关重要的作用,发展,和应激反应。迄今为止,尚未对紫花苜蓿SHMT基因进行全面的生物信息学研究。
    结果:这里,我们系统分析了系统发育关系,扩展模式,基因结构,顺式作用元素,和MsSHMT家族基因的表达谱。结果表明,从水稻基因组数据库中鉴定出15个SHMT成员。系统发育分析表明,MsSHMTs可分为4个亚组,并与其他植物同源物保守。基因结构分析发现,MsSHMTs的外显子范围从3到15。对顺式作用元件的分析发现,每个MsSHMT基因在其启动子区域中都包含不同种类的激素和与胁迫相关的顺式作用元件。表达和功能分析显示MsSHMTs在所有植物组织中都有表达。qRT-PCR分析表明ABA诱导的MsSHMTs,盐,和干旱压力。
    结论:这些结果提供了明确的证据表明MsSHMT可能参与生长,紫花苜蓿的发育和逆境反应,为今后MsSHMT的功能研究奠定了基础。
    BACKGROUND: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is the most widely planted legume forage and one of the most economically valuable crops in the world. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT), a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme, plays crucial roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. To date, there has been no comprehensive bioinformatics investigation conducted on the SHMT genes in M. sativa.
    RESULTS: Here, we systematically analyzed the phylogenetic relationship, expansion pattern, gene structure, cis-acting elements, and expression profile of the MsSHMT family genes. The result showed that a total of 15 SHMT members were identified from the M. sativa genome database. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the MsSHMTs can be divided into 4 subgroups and conserved with other plant homologues. Gene structure analysis found that the exons of MsSHMTs ranges from 3 to 15. Analysis of cis-acting elements found that each of the MsSHMT genes contained different kinds of hormones and stress-related cis-acting elements in their promoter regions. Expression and function analysis revealed that MsSHMTs expressed in all plant tissues. qRT-PCR analysis showed that MsSHMTs induced by ABA, Salt, and drought stresses.
    CONCLUSIONS: These results provided definite evidence that MsSHMTs might involve in growth, development and adversity responses in M. sativa, which laid a foundation for future functional studies of MsSHMTs.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    藜麦(藜藜麦。)因其营养价值而获得了全世界的认可,适应不同的环境,和遗传多样性。这篇综述探讨了当前对藜麦对环境胁迫耐受性的理解,关注干旱,盐度,热,重金属,和UV-B辐射。虽然干旱和盐度已被广泛研究,其他应激因素仍未充分开发。非生物胁迫的发病率不断增加,不可预测的天气模式和气候变化加剧了,强调了理解藜麦应对这些挑战的重要性。全球基因库保护藜麦的遗传多样性,支持育种工作,以开发耐逆性品种。基因组学和分子工具的最新进展为改善藜麦的胁迫耐受性和增加产量潜力提供了有希望的机会。转录组学研究揭示了藜麦对干旱和盐度的反应,然而,需要进一步的研究来阐明其对其他非生物胁迫的抵抗力。藜麦在贫瘠的土壤和有限的水资源上茁壮成长的能力使其成为土地恢复和粮食安全企业的可持续选择。总之,藜麦是一种多功能和健壮的作物,有可能应对环境限制下的粮食安全挑战。
    Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has gained worldwide recognition for its nutritional values, adaptability to diverse environments, and genetic diversity. This review explores the current understanding of quinoa tolerance to environmental stress, focusing on drought, salinity, heat, heavy metals, and UV-B radiation. Although drought and salinity have been extensively studied, other stress factors remain underexplored. The ever-increasing incidence of abiotic stress, exacerbated by unpredictable weather patterns and climate change, underscores the importance of understanding quinoa\'s responses to these challenges. Global gene banks safeguard quinoa\'s genetic diversity, supporting breeding efforts to develop stress-tolerant varieties. Recent advances in genomics and molecular tools offer promising opportunities to improve stress tolerance and increase the yield potential of quinoa. Transcriptomic studies have shed light on the responses of quinoa to drought and salinity, yet further studies are needed to elucidate its resilience to other abiotic stresses. Quinoa\'s ability to thrive on poor soils and limited water resources makes it a sustainable option for land restoration and food security enterprises. In conclusion, quinoa is a versatile and robust crop with the potential to address food security challenges under environmental constraints.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    作为固着生物,植物不能在有害环境中生存,比如那些以干旱为特征的,洪水,热,冷,营养缺乏,和盐或有毒金属应力。这些胁迫会损害植物的生长发育,导致作物生产力下降。为了诱导对非生物胁迫的适当反应,植物必须在早期感觉到相关的应激源,以启动精确的信号转导。这里,我们概述了我们对植物非生物胁迫感知的分子机制的理解的最新进展。已经发现许多生物分子参与非生物胁迫传感过程,并在植物中充当非生物胁迫传感器。基于它们的分子结构,这些生物分子可以分为四组:Ca2+渗透通道,受体样激酶(RLKs),鞘脂,和其他蛋白质。这种改进的知识可用于确定关键分子靶标,以在田间改造抗逆性作物。
    As sessile organisms, plants cannot survive in harmful environments, such as those characterized by drought, flood, heat, cold, nutrient deficiency, and salt or toxic metal stress. These stressors impair plant growth and development, leading to decreased crop productivity. To induce an appropriate response to abiotic stresses, plants must sense the pertinent stressor at an early stage to initiate precise signal transduction. Here, we provide an overview of recent progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying plant abiotic stress sensing. Numerous biomolecules have been found to participate in the process of abiotic stress sensing and function as abiotic stress sensors in plants. Based on their molecular structure, these biomolecules can be divided into four groups: Ca2+-permeable channels, receptor-like kinases (RLKs), sphingolipids, and other proteins. This improved knowledge can be used to identify key molecular targets for engineering stress-resilient crops in the field.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    AT-hook基序核定位(AHL)家族对于植物的非生物胁迫反应至关重要。然而,木薯AHL基因的功能尚未阐明。发起人,作为基因表达的重要调控元件,在抵抗压力中起着至关重要的作用。在这项研究中,克隆了木薯MeAHL31基因的启动子。MeAHL31蛋白定位于细胞质和细胞核。qRT-PCR分析显示MeAHL31基因在几乎所有测试的组织中表达,块茎根中的表达是叶柄中的321.3倍。启动子分析表明MeAHL31启动子含有干旱、茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA),脱落酸(ABA),和赤霉素(GA)顺式作用元素。表达分析表明,MeAHL31基因受到盐处理的显着影响,干旱,MeJA,ABA,GA3proMeAHL31-GUS转基因拟南芥的组织化学染色证实,在大多数组织和器官中都发现了GUS染色,不包括种子。β-葡糖醛酸酶(GUS)活性测定表明,不同浓度的NaCl可以增强proMeAHL31-GUS转基因拟南芥的活性,甘露醇(用于模拟干旱),和MeJA治疗。综合发现表明,MeAHL31启动子响应盐和干旱的非生物胁迫,其活性受MeJA激素信号调节。
    The AT-hook motif nuclear-localized (AHL) family is pivotal for the abiotic stress response in plants. However, the function of the cassava AHL genes has not been elucidated. Promoters, as important regulatory elements of gene expression, play a crucial role in stress resistance. In this study, the promoter of the cassava MeAHL31 gene was cloned. The MeAHL31 protein was localized to the cytoplasm and the nucleus. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the MeAHL31 gene was expressed in almost all tissues tested, and the expression in tuber roots was 321.3 times higher than that in petioles. Promoter analysis showed that the MeAHL31 promoter contains drought, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellin (GA) cis-acting elements. Expression analysis indicated that the MeAHL31 gene is dramatically affected by treatments with salt, drought, MeJA, ABA, and GA3. Histochemical staining in the proMeAHL31-GUS transgenic Arabidopsis corroborated that the GUS staining was found in most tissues and organs, excluding seeds. Beta-glucuronidase (GUS) activity assays showed that the activities in the proMeAHL31-GUS transgenic Arabidopsis were enhanced by different concentrations of NaCl, mannitol (for simulating drought), and MeJA treatments. The integrated findings suggest that the MeAHL31 promoter responds to the abiotic stresses of salt and drought, and its activity is regulated by the MeJA hormone signal.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    1,6-二磷酸果糖醛缩酶(FBA)基因家族存在于高等植物中,该家族的基因在植物生长发育中起着重要作用,以及对非生物胁迫的反应。然而,缺乏关于FBA基因家族及其在黄瓜中功能的系统报道。在这项研究中,我们鉴定了5个黄瓜FBA基因,命名为CsFBA1-5,随机分布在染色体上。涉及这些黄瓜FBA的系统发育分析,8种拟南芥FBA蛋白和8种番茄FBA蛋白,进行以评估它们的同源性。CsFBA分为两个分支。我们还分析了物理化学性质,主题组成,和黄瓜FBAs的基因结构。该分析强调了物理化学性质的差异,并揭示了CsFBA家族中高度保守的结构域。此外,为了进一步探索CsFBA家族的进化关系,我们构建了拟南芥和番茄的比较同势图,显示出很高的同源性,但在黄瓜基因组中只有一个片段重复事件。表达谱表明CsFBA基因家族对各种非生物胁迫有反应,包括低温,热,和盐。一起来看,本研究结果为了解黄瓜FBA基因在植物生长发育过程中的进化和功能特性研究提供了理论基础。
    The fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) gene family exists in higher plants, with the genes of this family playing significant roles in plant growth and development, as well as response to abiotic stresses. However, systematic reports on the FBA gene family and its functions in cucumber are lacking. In this study, we identified five cucumber FBA genes, named CsFBA1-5, that are distributed randomly across chromosomes. Phylogenetic analyses involving these cucumber FBAs, alongside eight Arabidopsis FBA proteins and eight tomato FBA proteins, were conducted to assess their homology. The CsFBAs were grouped into two clades. We also analyzed the physicochemical properties, motif composition, and gene structure of the cucumber FBAs. This analysis highlighted differences in the physicochemical properties and revealed highly conserved domains within the CsFBA family. Additionally, to explore the evolutionary relationships of the CsFBA family further, we constructed comparative syntenic maps with Arabidopsis and tomato, which showed high homology but only one segmental duplication event within the cucumber genome. Expression profiles indicated that the CsFBA gene family is responsive to various abiotic stresses, including low temperature, heat, and salt. Taken together, the results of this study provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the evolution of and future research into the functional characterization of cucumber FBA genes during plant growth and development.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    野草莓(FragariavescaL.;F.vesca)代表了一种有弹性且经过广泛研究的模型生物。而AP2/ERF基因家族在植物发育中起着举足轻重的作用,它在F.vesca内部的探索仍然有限。在这项研究中,我们使用最近发布的基因组数据表征了野草莓中的AP2/ERF基因家族(F.vescaV6.0)。我们对基因家族扩展模式进行了分析,我们在寒冷条件下检查了茎段和叶片中的基因表达,我们探索了它的功能属性。我们的调查显示,FvAP2/ERF家族包含分布在四个亚家族中的86个基因:AP2(17),RAV(6),ERF(62),和独奏家(1)。串联和分段重复显着促进了该基因家族的生长。此外,预测分析确定了与分生组织表达相关的启动子区域中的几个顺式作用元件,激素调节,和电阻调制。冷胁迫下的转录组分析揭示了茎段和叶中多个FvAP2/ERF之间的不同反应。实时荧光定量逆转录PCR(RT-qPCR)结果证实在冷处理之后选择的基因的表达水平升高。此外,FvERF23在拟南芥中的过表达增强了耐寒性,与野生型对照相比,导致鲜重和根长度显着增加。这些发现为进一步探索FvAP2/ERF基因的功能作用奠定了基础。
    The wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.; F. vesca) represents a resilient and extensively studied model organism. While the AP2/ERF gene family plays a pivotal role in plant development, its exploration within F. vesca remains limited. In this study, we characterized the AP2/ERF gene family in wild strawberries using the recently released genomic data (F. vesca V6.0). We conducted an analysis of the gene family expansion pattern, we examined gene expression in stem segments and leaves under cold conditions, and we explored its functional attributes. Our investigation revealed that the FvAP2/ERF family comprises 86 genes distributed among four subfamilies: AP2 (17), RAV (6), ERF (62), and Soloist (1). Tandem and segmental duplications significantly contributed to the growth of this gene family. Furthermore, predictive analysis identified several cis-acting elements in the promoter region associated with meristematic tissue expression, hormone regulation, and resistance modulation. Transcriptomic analysis under cold stress unveiled diverse responses among multiple FvAP2/ERFs in stem segments and leaves. Real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) results confirmed elevated expression levels of select genes following the cold treatment. Additionally, overexpression of FvERF23 in Arabidopsis enhanced cold tolerance, resulting in significantly increased fresh weight and root length compared to the wild-type control. These findings lay the foundation for further exploration into the functional roles of FvAP2/ERF genes.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    Schimasuperba,俗称中国古尔树,对恶劣的土壤条件具有很强的适应性和容忍度。它是中国南方常绿阔叶林的主要树种之一。分化蛋白(DIRs)在植物木质素和木脂素的合成中起着至关重要的作用,次生代谢,以及对逆境压力的反应。然而,目前,对S.superba中DIR基因家族的研究有限。这项研究确定了24个SsDIR基因,将它们分为三个亚科。这些基因在13条染色体上分布不均,83%是无内含子的。共线性分析表明,与分段复制相比,串联复制在基因家族的扩展中起着更重要的作用。此外,我们分析了SsDIR在S.superba不同组织中的表达模式。SsDIR基因在各种组织中表现出不同的表达模式,大多数在根部特别表达。进一步筛选确定了可能调节干旱胁迫的SsDIR基因,许多在干旱胁迫条件下表现出差异表达。在SsDIR的启动子区域,参与发育调节的各种顺式调节元件,激素反应,并确定了应激反应,这可能与其不同的监管功能密切相关。本研究将有助于SsDIR基因的进一步功能鉴定,提供对木质素和木脂素的生物合成途径以及植物抗逆机制的见解。
    Schima superba, commonly known as the Chinese guger tree, is highly adaptable and tolerant of poor soil conditions. It is one of the primary species forming the evergreen broad-leaved forests in southern China. Dirigent proteins (DIRs) play crucial roles in the synthesis of plant lignin and lignans, secondary metabolism, and response to adversity stress. However, research on the DIR gene family in S. superba is currently limited. This study identified 24 SsDIR genes, categorizing them into three subfamilies. These genes are unevenly distributed across 13 chromosomes, with 83% being intronless. Collinearity analysis indicated that tandem duplication played a more significant role in the expansion of the gene family compared to segmental duplication. Additionally, we analyzed the expression patterns of SsDIRs in different tissues of S. superba. The SsDIR genes exhibited distinct expression patterns across various tissues, with most being specifically expressed in the roots. Further screening identified SsDIR genes that may regulate drought stress, with many showing differential expression under drought stress conditions. In the promoter regions of SsDIRs, various cis-regulatory elements involved in developmental regulation, hormone response, and stress response were identified, which may be closely related to their diverse regulatory functions. This study will contribute to the further functional identification of SsDIR genes, providing insights into the biosynthetic pathways of lignin and lignans and the mechanisms of plant stress resistance.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    Alfin-like(AL)是一个小的植物特异性基因家族,其特征是在C末端具有PHD-finger-like结构域,在N末端具有DUF3594结构域,这些基因在植物发育和非生物胁迫反应中起着重要作用。在这项研究中,我们进行了全基因组鉴定,并分析了陆地棉cv中的AL蛋白家族。NDM8首次评估了它们对各种非生物胁迫的反应。在NDM8中鉴定出总共26个AL基因,并根据系统发育树分为四组。此外,顺式作用元件分析表明,多种植物激素反应和非生物应激反应元件在AL基因启动子中非常普遍。Further,我们发现GhAL19基因可以通过生理生化变化负调节干旱和盐胁迫,基因表达,和VIGS检测。研究发现POD和SOD活性有明显的增加,以及VIGS-NaCl和VIGS-PEG植物中MDA的显着变化。转录组分析表明,ABA生物合成基因(GhNCED1)的表达水平,信号基因(GhABI1,GhABI2和GhABI5),响应基因(GhCOR47,GhRD22和GhERFs),在干旱和NaCl处理下,VIGS品系的胁迫相关标记基因GhLEA14受到调控。总之,GhAL19作为ALTF可能通过调节抗氧化能力和ABA介导的途径负调节对干旱和盐的耐受性。
    Alfin-like (AL) is a small plant-specific gene family characterized by a PHD-finger-like structural domain at the C-terminus and a DUF3594 structural domain at the N-terminus, and these genes play prominent roles in plant development and abiotic stress response. In this study, we conducted genome-wide identification and analyzed the AL protein family in Gossypium hirsutum cv. NDM8 to assess their response to various abiotic stresses for the first time. A total of 26 AL genes were identified in NDM8 and classified into four groups based on a phylogenetic tree. Moreover, cis-acting element analysis revealed that multiple phytohormone response and abiotic stress response elements were highly prevalent in AL gene promoters. Further, we discovered that the GhAL19 gene could negatively regulate drought and salt stresses via physiological and biochemical changes, gene expression, and the VIGS assay. The study found there was a significant increase in POD and SOD activity, as well as a significant change in MDA in VIGS-NaCl and VIGS-PEG plants. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that the expression levels of the ABA biosynthesis gene (GhNCED1), signaling genes (GhABI1, GhABI2, and GhABI5), responsive genes (GhCOR47, GhRD22, and GhERFs), and the stress-related marker gene GhLEA14 were regulated in VIGS lines under drought and NaCl treatment. In summary, GhAL19 as an AL TF may negatively regulate tolerance to drought and salt by regulating the antioxidant capacity and ABA-mediated pathway.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    冬季油菜(甘蓝型油菜),欧洲最重要的油料作物,受到冰雹的严重影响,导致产量大幅下降,使用传统方法难以预测和衡量。这项研究旨在评估光合效率分析在冰雹暴露下预测冬季油菜产量损失的有效性。目的是查明受冰雹胁迫影响最大的叶绿素荧光参数,并确定那些可能作为产量损失的非侵入性生物标志物的参数。该研究在部分受控条件(温室)下进行。通过使用气动装置在植物上烧制直径为6mm的塑料球,在植物中引起应力。以每秒几十米的速度发射了弹丸。进行了连续激发和脉冲调制幅度叶绿素荧光的测量,以突出诱导曲线和相关参数对冰雹胁迫的敏感性。我们的研究发现,一些参数,如Fs,Fm\',ΦPSII,ETR,Fo,Fv/Fm,施用胁迫后八天测得的Fv/Fo与最终产量有很强的相关性,从而为在农业和保险业中创建新的实用协议奠定基础,以准确预测冰雹胁迫对油菜籽作物的损害。
    Winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), Europe\'s foremost oilseed crop, is significantly impacted by hailstorms, leading to substantial yield reductions that are difficult to predict and measure using conventional methods. This research aimed to assess the effectiveness of photosynthetic efficiency analysis for predicting yield loss in winter rapeseed subjected to hail exposure. The aim was to pinpoint the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters most affected by hail stress and identify those that could act as non-invasive biomarkers of yield loss. The study was conducted in partially controlled conditions (greenhouse). Stress was induced in the plants by firing plastic balls with a 6 mm diameter at them using a pneumatic device, which launched the projectiles at speeds of several tens of meters per second. Measurements of both continuous-excitation and pulse-modulated-amplitude chlorophyll fluorescence were engaged to highlight the sensitivity of the induction curve and related parameters to hail stress. Our research uncovered that some parameters such as Fs, Fm\', ΦPSII, ETR, Fo, Fv/Fm, and Fv/Fo measured eight days after the application of stress had a strong correlation with final yield, thus laying the groundwork for the creation of new practical protocols in agriculture and the insurance industry to accurately forecast damage to rapeseed crops due to hail stress.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    非生物和生物胁迫在全球范围内限制了植物的生长并阻碍了作物生产力的优化。植物激素生长素几乎涉及植物发育的各个方面。生长素作为一种化学信使,通过短核途径影响基因表达,由称为生长素反应因子(ARF)的特异性DNA结合转录因子家族介导。因此,ARF充当生长素应答的效应子,并将化学信号翻译成生长素应答基因的调节。自从在拟南芥中首次发现第一个ARF以来,遗传学的进步,生物化学,基因组学,和结构生物学促进了阐明ARF作用及其对产生特定生长素反应的贡献的模型的开发。然而,尽管进行了这些努力,但我们对ARF转录因子的理解仍存在显著差距.解开ARF在调节应激反应中的功能作用,除了阐明它们的遗传和分子机制,仍处于起步阶段。这里,我们回顾了最近关于ARF的研究结果,详细说明他们参与调节树叶,花,和根器官的发生和发育,以及应激反应及其相应的调控机制:包括基因表达模式,功能表征,转录,跨不同胁迫条件的转录后和翻译后调控。此外,我们描述了ARF研究中未解决的问题和即将面临的挑战。
    Abiotic and biotic stresses globally constrain plant growth and impede the optimization of crop productivity. The phytohormone auxin is involved in nearly every aspect of plant development. Auxin acts as a chemical messenger that influences gene expression through a short nuclear pathway, mediated by a family of specific DNA-binding transcription factors known as Auxin Response Factors (ARFs). ARFs thus act as effectors of auxin response and translate chemical signals into the regulation of auxin responsive genes. Since the initial discovery of the first ARF in Arabidopsis, advancements in genetics, biochemistry, genomics, and structural biology have facilitated the development of models elucidating ARF action and their contributions to generating specific auxin responses. Yet, significant gaps persist in our understanding of ARF transcription factors despite these endeavors. Unraveling the functional roles of ARFs in regulating stress response, alongside elucidating their genetic and molecular mechanisms, is still in its nascent phase. Here, we review recent research outcomes on ARFs, detailing their involvement in regulating leaf, flower, and root organogenesis and development, as well as stress responses and their corresponding regulatory mechanisms: including gene expression patterns, functional characterization, transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post- translational regulation across diverse stress conditions. Furthermore, we delineate unresolved questions and forthcoming challenges in ARF research.
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