我们已经描述了增加纳米塑料(NP)和微塑料(MPs)毒性的选定因素对细胞活力的影响,各种类型的细胞死亡,活性氧(ROS)诱导,和遗传毒性。这些因素包括塑料粒度(NPs/MPs),zeta电位,曝光时间,浓度,功能化,环境因素和细胞类型的影响。研究明确表明,较小的塑料颗粒细胞毒性更大,更容易穿透细胞,增加ROS的形成,并诱导蛋白质的氧化损伤,脂质,和DNA。毒性作用也随着浓度和孵育时间的增加而增加。具有正zeta电位的NP也比具有负zeta电位的NP更具毒性,因为细胞带负电荷,诱导更强的相互作用。NPs和MPs的有害作用通过用阴离子或羧基进行官能化而增加,由于与细胞膜成分的相互作用更大。阳离子NP/MP由于其更大的细胞摄取和/或其对细胞和溶酶体膜的影响而特别有毒。聚苯乙烯(PS)的作用因细胞类型而异,正常细胞对NP比癌细胞更敏感。NPs/MPs的毒性可以通过环境因素增强,包括紫外线辐射,当它们导致粒子收缩并改变它们的形状时,在使用环境变化的NP/MP时,这是一个特别重要的考虑因素。总之,细胞毒性,氧化性质,塑料颗粒的遗传毒性取决于它们的浓度,行动的持续时间,和细胞类型。此外,具有较小直径和正zeta电位的NPs/MPs,那些暴露于紫外线并用氨基官能化的物质,毒性比毒性更大,具有负zeta电位的非功能化和环境不变的颗粒。
We have described the influence of selected factors that increase the toxicity of nanoplastics (NPs) and microplastics (MPs) with regard to cell viability, various types of cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction, and genotoxicity. These factors include plastic particle size (NPs/MPs), zeta potential, exposure time, concentration, functionalization, and the influence of environmental factors and cell type. Studies have unequivocally shown that smaller plastic particles are more cytotoxic, penetrate cells more easily, increase ROS formation, and induce oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA. The toxic effects also increase with concentration and incubation time. NPs with positive zeta potential are also more toxic than those with a negative zeta potential because the cells are negatively charged, inducing stronger interactions. The deleterious effects of NPs and MPs are increased by functionalization with anionic or carboxyl groups, due to greater interaction with cell membrane components. Cationic NPs/MPs are particularly toxic due to their greater cellular uptake and/or their effects on cells and lysosomal membranes. The effects of polystyrene (PS) vary from one cell type to another, and normal cells are more sensitive to NPs than cancerous ones. The toxicity of NPs/MPs can be enhanced by environmental factors, including UV radiation, as they cause the particles to shrink and change their shape, which is a particularly important consideration when working with environmentally-changed NPs/MPs. In summary, the cytotoxicity, oxidative properties, and genotoxicity of plastic particles depends on their concentration, duration of action, and cell type. Also, NPs/MPs with a smaller diameter and positive zeta potential, and those exposed to UV and functionalized with amino groups, demonstrate higher toxicity than larger, non-functionalized and environmentally-unchanged particles with a negative zeta potential.