Background. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the proportions of individuals infected with Campylobacter, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, or Yersinia who develop reactive arthritis. Methods. A systematic review was conducted, encompassing English-language articles published before January 2024, sourced from the Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. This review included observational studies that reported the occurrence of reactive arthritis (ReA) among patients with Campylobacter, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, or Yersinia infections. Data extraction was carried out independently by two reviewers. Subsequently, a random-effects meta-analysis was performed, with heterogeneity assessed using the I2 value. Additionally, meta-regression was employed to investigate the potential influence of study-level variables on the observed heterogeneity. Results. A total of 87 studies were identified; 23 reported on ReA development after Campylobacter infection, 7 reported on ReA after Escherichia infection, 30 reported ReA onset after salmonellosis, 14 reported ReA after shigellosis, and 13 reported ReA after Yersinia infection. The proportion of Campylobacter patients who developed ReA was 0.03 (95% CI [0.01, 0.06], I2 = 97.62%); the proportion of Escherichia patients who developed ReA was 0.01 (95% CI [0.00, 0.06], I2 = 92.78%); the proportion of Salmonella patients was 0.04 (95% CI [0.02, 0.08], I2 = 97.67%); the proportion of Shigella patients was 0.01 (95% CI [0.01, 0.03], I2 = 90.64%); and the proportion of Yersinia patients who developed ReA was 0.05 (95% CI [0.02, 0.13], I2 = 96%). Conclusion. A significant proportion of Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia cases resulted in ReA. Nonetheless, it is important to interpret the findings cautiously due to the substantial heterogeneity observed between studies.

Diarrheal diseases are important causes of morbidity and mortality, worldwide. The occurrence of multiple pathogens in stool samples of symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in resource-limited countries have been repeatedly described. In this study, we assessed the differentiated effects of combined pathogen detections on recorded symptoms. A case-control study was conducted among 620 under-five-year-old children in rural northeastern Tanzania with emphasis of multiple detection. The median age of children was 11 months (IQR = 7, 20), and 52.1% were male. Cases (50.2%, n = 157) were less likely than controls (64.5%, n = 198) to have multiple colonization with gastrointestinal tract (GIT) pathogens. The children\'s age was positively associated with the likelihood of harboring multiple GIT pathogens [OR, 1.02, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.04]. Shigella spp./enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) [OR = 2.80, 95% CI 1.62, 4.83] and norovirus [OR = 2.04, 95% CI 1.23, 3.39] were more common in cases and were strongly associated with diarrhea, while enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) [OR = 0.23, 95%CI 0.17-0.33] were more common in controls. Diarrheal diseases in under-five children from rural Tanzania are likely to be due to infections with Shigella spp./EIEC, and norovirus with strongly age-dependent associations.

Pathogen proliferation and virulence depend on available nutrients, and these vary when the pathogen moves from outside of the host cell (extracellular) to the inside of the host cell (intracellular). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is a versatile analytical method, which lends itself for metabolic studies. In this chapter, we describe how 1H NMR can be combined with a cellular infection model to study the metabolic crosstalk between a bacterial pathogen and its host both in the extracellular and intracellular compartments. Central carbon metabolism is highlighted by using glucose labeled with the stable isotope 13C.

Continuous gain and loss of genes are the primary driving forces of bacterial evolution and environmental adaptation. Studying bacterial evolution in terms of protein domain, which is the fundamental function and evolutionary unit of proteins, can provide a more comprehensive understanding of bacterial differentiation and phenotypic adaptation processes. Therefore, we proposed a phylogenetic tree-based method for detecting genetic gain and loss events in terms of protein domains. Specifically, the method focuses on a single domain to trace its evolution process or on multiple domains to investigate their co-evolution principles. This novel method was validated using 122 Shigella isolates. We found that the loss of a significant number of domains was likely the main driving force behind the evolution of Shigella, which could reduce energy expenditure and preserve only the most essential functions. Additionally, we observed that simultaneously gained and lost domains were often functionally related, which can facilitate and accelerate phenotypic evolutionary adaptation to the environment. All results obtained using our method agree with those of previous studies, which validates our proposed method.

Although edible rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes sp.) larvae are popularly consumed in many countries worldwide, they are prepared using different methods such as boiling, roasting, toasting, and deep-frying, whose effect on nutritional value and microbial safety is scarcely known. Here we investigated the effect of these methods on the nutritional value and microbial safety of Oryctes sp. larvae. Our hypothesis was that cooking the grubs using the four methods had no effect on their nutritional content and microbial loads and diversity. The grubs were analyzed for proximate composition, and fatty and amino acid profiles using standard chemical procedures; and microbial safety using standard culturing procedures. Deep-frying reduced protein and carbohydrate content, but elevated fat content. Boiling lowered ash content, but increased fibre and carbohydrate composition. Roasting and toasting increased protein and ash contents, respectively. Forty fatty acids were detected in the larvae, of which levels of only five were not significantly affected by cooking method, while the levels of the others were differentially affected by the different cooking methods. Amino acid profiles and levels were largely comparable across treatments, but lysine and arginine were higher in all cooked grubs than raw form. All the cooking methods eliminated Enterobacteriaceae, Shigella sp. and Campylobacter sp. from the grubs. Except boiling, all methods reduced total viable count to safe levels. Salmonella sp. were only eliminated by toasting and roasting; while boiling promoted growth of yeast and moulds. Staphylococcus aureus levels exceeded safety limits in all the cooking methods. These findings offer guidance on the type of method to use in preparing the grubs for desired nutritional and safety outcomes.

Vinculin is a cytoskeletal linker strengthening cell adhesion. The Shigella IpaA invasion effector binds to vinculin to promote vinculin supra-activation associated with head-domain-mediated oligomerization. Our study investigates the impact of mutations of vinculin D1D2 subdomains\' residues predicted to interact with IpaA VBS3. These mutations affected the rate of D1D2 trimer formation with distinct effects on monomer disappearance, consistent with structural modeling of a closed and open D1D2 conformer induced by IpaA. Notably, mutations targeting the closed D1D2 conformer significantly reduced Shigella invasion of host cells as opposed to mutations targeting the open D1D2 conformer and later stages of vinculin head-domain oligomerization. In contrast, all mutations affected the formation of focal adhesions (FAs), supporting the involvement of vinculin supra-activation in this process. Our findings suggest that IpaA-induced vinculin supra-activation primarily reinforces matrix adhesion in infected cells, rather than promoting bacterial invasion. Consistently, shear stress studies pointed to a key role for IpaA-induced vinculin supra-activation in accelerating and strengthening cell-matrix adhesion.

UNASSIGNED: The method currently available to diagnose shigellosis is insensitive and has many limitations. Thus, this study was designed to identify specific antigenic protein(s) among the cell surface associated proteins (SAPs) of Shigella that would be valuable in the development of an alternative diagnostic assay for shigellosis, particularly one that could be run using a stool sample rather than serum.
UNASSIGNED: The SAPs of clinical isolates of S. dysenteriae, S. boydii, Shigella flexneri, and S. sonnei were extracted from an overnight culture grown at 37 °C using acidified-glycine extraction methods. Protein profiles were observed by SDS-PAGE. To determine if antibodies specific to certain Shigella SAPs were present in both sera and stool suspensions, Western blot analysis was used to detect the presence of IgA, IgG, and IgM.
UNASSIGNED: Immunoblot analysis revealed that sera from patients infected with S. flexneri recognized 31 proteins. These SAP antigens are recognized by the host humoral response during Shigella infection. Specific antibodies against these antigens were also observed in intestinal secretions of shigellosis patients. Of these 31 S. flexneri proteins, the 35 kDa protein specifically reacted against IgA present in patients\' stool suspensions. Further study illustrated the immunoreactivity of this protein in S. dysenteriae, S. boydii, and S. sonnei. This is the first report that demonstrates the presence of immunoreactive Shigella SAPs in stool suspensions. The SAPSs could be very useful in developing a simple and rapid serodiagnostic assay for shigellosis directly from stool specimens.

Linking outbreaks of Shigella spp. to specific foods is challenging due to poor selectivity of current enrichment media. We have previously shown that enrichment media, tailored to the genomically-predicted antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Shiga toxigenic E. coli strains, enhances their isolation from foods. This study investigates the application of this approach for Shigella isolation. The AMR gene profiles of 21,908 published S. sonnei genomes indicated a high prevalence of genes conferring resistance to streptomycin (aadA, aph(3″)-Ib, aph(6)-Id, 92.8%), sulfonamides (sul1, sul2, 74.8%), and/or trimethoprim (dfrA, 96.2%). Genomic analysis and antibiotic susceptibility testing conducted with a panel of 17 outbreak-associated S. sonnei strains confirmed the correlation of AMR gene detection with resistance phenotypes. Supplementation of Shigella Broth (SB) with up to 400 µg/mL of trimethoprim or sulfadiazine did not suppress the growth of sensitive strains, whereas 100 µg/mL of streptomycin increased the selectivity of this broth. All three antibiotics increased the selectivity of modified Tryptone Soya Broth (mTSB). Based on these results, supplemented media formulations were developed and assessed by measuring the relative growth of S. sonnei in cultures coinoculated with a strain of bacteriocin-producing E. coli that is inhibitory to Shigella growth. S. sonnei was not recovered from cocultures grown in SB or mTSB without antibiotics. In contrast, media supplemented with streptomycin at 50 and 100 µg/mL, trimethoprim at 25 and 50 µg/mL, and sulfadiazine at 100 µg/mL increased the relative proportion of S. sonnei in postenrichment cultures. The enhanced recovery of resistant S. sonnei strains achieved in this study indicates that, in cases where genomic data are available for clinical S. sonnei isolates, customization of selective enrichment media based on AMR gene detection could be a valuable tool for supporting the investigation of foodborne shigellosis outbreaks.

Food-borne infections continue to be a major public health problem at the international level. The issue becomes more serious in developing countries like Ethiopia.
This study aimed to examine the prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella species and intestinal parasites, as well as antimicrobial resistance patterns and associated factors among food handlers at the University of Gondar cafeteria in northwest Ethiopia.
An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February to June 2021 in the University of Gondar cafeterias. Data related to the socio-demographic characteristics and hygienic practices of study participants were collected using structured questionnaires. A total of 290 stool samples were collected from food handlers. Culture and conventional biochemical tests were used to isolate the Salmonella and the Shigella species. Wet mount, Formol-ether concentration, and Kato Katz techniques were applied to identify intestinal parasites. Additionally, drug susceptibility tests were performed using the disk diffusion method. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 26.
Of 290 food handlers\' stool samples analyzed, Twenty-seven 27 (9.3%) were positive for both Salmonella and Shigella species. The prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella species was 16 (5.5%) and 11 (3.8%), respectively. Most of the isolated pathogens were resistant to tetracycline 19 (70.4%), and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole 19 (70.4%). The overall rate of multi-drug resistant Shigella and Salmonella isolate was 59.3%. Besides, Fifty-seven 57 (19.7%) of the participants were positive for one or more intestinal parasites. The most prevalent intestinal Parasitosis was E. histolytica/dispar 22 (7.6%), followed by G. lamblia 13 (4.5%), and Ascaris lumbricoides 11 (3.8) not washing hands after using the toilet (AOR: 4.42, 95% CI: 1.57, 10.56), and consuming unpasteurized milk (AOR: 3.14, 95% CI: 1.65, 3.96), were factors significantly associated with the prevalence of Salmonella, and Shigella infection. Similarly, not washing hands after using the toilet (AOR: 2.19, 95% CI: 1.0, 1.4), and consuming unpasteurized milk (AOR: 10.4, 95% CI: 3.8, 28.8), were factors significantly associated with the prevalence of intestinal parasites infection.
The prevalence of intestinal parasites, Salmonella, and Shigella species was high. Therefore, it is imperative to implement a public health policy that includes ongoing microbiological surveillance.

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