UNASSIGNED: The optimal time to restart direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) after traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (tICH) is unknown. Physicians must weigh the risk of recurrent hemorrhage against ischemic stroke. We investigated rates of stroke while holding anticoagulation, hemorrhage after anticoagulation resumption, and factors associated with the decision to restart anticoagulation.
UNASSIGNED: Patients presenting to our level I trauma center for tICH while on a DOAC for NVAF were retrospectively reviewed over 2 years. Age, sex, DOAC use, antiplatelet use, congestive heart failure, hypertension, age, diabetes, previous stroke, vascular disease, sex score for stroke risk in NVAF, injury mechanism, bleeding pattern, Injury Severity Score, use of a reversal agent, Glasgow Coma Scale at 24 hours, hemorrhage expansion, neurosurgical intervention, Morse Fall Risk, DOAC restart date, rebleed events, and ischemic stroke were recorded to study rates of recurrent hemorrhage and stroke, and factors that influenced the decision to restart anticoagulation.
UNASSIGNED: Twenty-eight patients sustained tICH while on a DOAC. Fall was the most common mechanism (89.3%), and subdural hematoma was the predominant bleeding pattern (60.7%). Of the 25 surviving patients, 16 patients (64%) restarted a DOAC a median 29.5 days after tICH. One patient had recurrent hemorrhage after resuming anticoagulation. One patient had an embolic stroke after 118 days off anticoagulation. Age >80, Injury Severity Score ≥16, and expansion of tICH influenced the decision to indefinitely hold anticoagulation.
UNASSIGNED: The low stroke rate observed in this study suggests that holding DOACs for NVAF for 1 month is sufficient to reduce the risk of stroke after tICH. Additional data are required to determine optimal restart timing.

UNASSIGNED: vitamin D influences the immune system and the inflammatory response. It is known that vitamin D supplementation reduces the risk of acute respiratory tract infection. In the last two years, many researchers have investigated vitamin D\'s role in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 disease.
UNASSIGNED: the findings obtained from clinical trials and systematic reviews highlight that most patients with COVID-19 have decreased vitamin D levels and low levels of vitamin D increase the risk of severe disease. This evidence seems to be also confirmed in the pediatric population.
UNASSIGNED: further studies (systematic review and meta-analysis) conducted on children are needed to confirm that vitamin D affects COVID-19 outcomes and to determine the effectiveness of supplementation and the appropriate dose, duration and mode of administration.

UNASSIGNED: Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of vaginal discharge. However, in some cases, side effects and resistance rates have been reported when antibiotics are administered. This problem has prompted several investigations on the administration of probiotics as an adjunct therapy to treat this infection.
UNASSIGNED: This study aims to conduct a meta-analysis based on evidence to determine the efficacy and safety of probiotic and antibiotic treatments.
UNASSIGNED: The meta-analysis was performed using PRISMA guidelines. The literature review was conducted in December 2020 using PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and RevMan V.5.3.
UNASSIGNED: The results showed a high and significant cure rate from the analysis of 1006 and 528 samples of probiotics and non-probiotics or control in 16 studies. The recurrence rate was statistically significant with probiotic treatment. Furthermore, neither procedures nor therapy failure showed a significantly lower adverse event rate than the control group.
UNASSIGNED: Probiotic shows better results compared to the control group. However, both have the same occurrence of adverse event.