入侵物种是全球岛屿生态系统的主要威胁,在过去400年中,约有三分之二的岛屿物种灭绝。非本地哺乳动物-主要是大鼠,猫,猫鼬,山羊,绵羊,和猪-对高危物种产生了毁灭性影响,是夏威夷人口下降和灭绝的主要因素。随着围栏技术的发展,可以排除所有哺乳动物的捕食者,夏威夷一些地区的重点从捕食者控制转移到当地根除。
■本文通过记录每个围栏的大小和设计来描述夏威夷\'i中所有现有和计划中的完整捕食者排除围栏,捕食者消灭的结果,每个围栏的维护问题,以及由此产生的本地物种反应。
■从2011-2023年在夏威夷群岛建造了12个捕食者排除围栏,还有6个计划或正在建造中;所有这些都是为了保护本地海鸟和水鸟。围栏的长度为304-4,877m,围成1.2-640公顷。18个围栏中有三分之一是半岛式的,末端敞开;其余三分之二的围栏是完整的围栏。十二个围栏(67%)的目的是保护现有的鸟类种群,根据《美国濒危物种法》要求,有6种(33%)被启动以缓解。在六个缓解围栏中,83%用于海鸟的社会吸引力,一个围栏用于海鸟的易位;没有一个缓解围栏保护现有的鸟类种群。大鼠和小鼠存在于每个捕食者排除围栏部位;小鼠从6个目标部位中的5个(83%)被根除,大鼠(3种)从11个部位中的8个(72%)被根除。猫鼬,猫,猪,鹿从每个目标地点都被根除。捕食者入侵发生在每一个围栏。在许多情况下,大鼠和小鼠的入侵是慢性或完全重新入侵,但是猫和猫鼬的入侵是偶然的,取决于围栏类型(即,封闭的vs.半岛)。捕食者排斥围栏的出现为保护现有的海鸟和水鸟带来了巨大的收益,这证明了繁殖成功和菌落生长的急剧增加。随着未来入侵物种的威胁预计会增加,捕食者排除围栏将成为保护岛屿物种越来越重要的工具。
UNASSIGNED: Invasive species are the primary threat to island ecosystems globally and are responsible for approximately two-thirds of all island species extinctions in the past 400 years. Non-native mammals-primarily rats, cats, mongooses, goats, sheep, and pigs-have had devastating impacts on at-risk species and are major factors in population declines and extinctions in Hawai\'i. With the development of fencing technology that can exclude all mammalian predators, the focus for some locations in Hawai\'i shifted from predator control to local eradication.
UNASSIGNED: This article describes all existing and planned full predator exclusion fences in Hawai\'i by documenting the size and design of each fence, the outcomes the predator eradications, maintenance issues at each fence, and the resulting native species responses.
UNASSIGNED: Twelve predator exclusion fences were constructed in the Hawaiian
Islands from 2011-2023 and six more were planned or under construction; all were for the protection of native seabirds and waterbirds. Fences ranged in length from 304-4,877 m and enclosed 1.2-640 ha. One-third of the 18 fences were peninsula-style with open ends; the remaining two-thirds of the fences were complete enclosures. The purpose of twelve of the fences (67%) was to protect existing bird populations, and six (33%) were initiated for mitigation required under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Of the six mitigation fences, 83% were for the social attraction of seabirds and one fence was for translocation of seabirds; none of the mitigation fences protected existing bird populations. Rats and mice were present in every predator exclusion fence site; mice were eradicated from five of six sites (83%) where they were targeted and rats (three species) were eradicated from eight of 11 sites (72%). Mongoose, cats, pigs, and deer were eradicated from every site where they were targeted. Predator incursions occurred in every fence. Rat and mouse incursions were in many cases chronic or complete reinvasions, but cat and mongoose incursions were occasional and depended on fence type (i.e., enclosed vs. peninsula). The advent of predator exclusion fencing has resulted in great gains for protecting existing seabirds and waterbirds, which demonstrated dramatic increases in reproductive success and colony growth. With threats from invasive species expected to increase in the future, predator exclusion fencing will become an increasingly important tool in protecting island species.