UNASSIGNED: The application of machine learning in health care often necessitates the use of hierarchical codes such as the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) systems. These codes classify diseases and medications, respectively, thereby forming extensive data dimensions. Unsupervised feature selection tackles the \"curse of dimensionality\" and helps to improve the accuracy and performance of supervised learning models by reducing the number of irrelevant or redundant features and avoiding overfitting. Techniques for unsupervised feature selection, such as filter, wrapper, and embedded methods, are implemented to select the most important features with the most intrinsic information. However, they face challenges due to the sheer volume of ICD and ATC codes and the hierarchical structures of these systems.
UNASSIGNED: The objective of this study was to compare several unsupervised feature selection methods for ICD and ATC code databases of patients with coronary artery disease in different aspects of performance and complexity and select the best set of features representing these patients.
UNASSIGNED: We compared several unsupervised feature selection methods for 2 ICD and 1 ATC code databases of 51,506 patients with coronary artery disease in Alberta, Canada. Specifically, we used the Laplacian score, unsupervised feature selection for multicluster data, autoencoder-inspired unsupervised feature selection, principal feature analysis, and concrete autoencoders with and without ICD or ATC tree weight adjustment to select the 100 best features from over 9000 ICD and 2000 ATC codes. We assessed the selected features based on their ability to reconstruct the initial feature space and predict 90-day mortality following discharge. We also compared the complexity of the selected features by mean code level in the ICD or ATC tree and the interpretability of the features in the mortality prediction task using Shapley analysis.
UNASSIGNED: In feature space reconstruction and mortality prediction, the concrete autoencoder-based methods outperformed other techniques. Particularly, a weight-adjusted concrete autoencoder variant demonstrated improved reconstruction accuracy and significant predictive performance enhancement, confirmed by DeLong and McNemar tests (P<.05). Concrete autoencoders preferred more general codes, and they consistently reconstructed all features accurately. Additionally, features selected by weight-adjusted concrete autoencoders yielded higher Shapley values in mortality prediction than most alternatives.
UNASSIGNED: This study scrutinized 5 feature selection methods in ICD and ATC code data sets in an unsupervised context. Our findings underscore the superiority of the concrete autoencoder method in selecting salient features that represent the entire data set, offering a potential asset for subsequent machine learning research. We also present a novel weight adjustment approach for the concrete autoencoders specifically tailored for ICD and ATC code data sets to enhance the generalizability and interpretability of the selected features.

UNASSIGNED: ICD-11 implementation will start in early 2022 in WHO member countries, including Russia. This process should be preceded not only by the official translation and wide distribution of ICD-11 statistical classification and diagnostic guidelines but also by clinicians\' training. For recent years ICD-11 development and innovations in the diagnosis of mental disorders were in the focus of attention of mental health professionals in all over the world.
UNASSIGNED: This online survey aimed to identify the current views of the Russian psychiatric community on the upcoming implementation of ICD-11.
UNASSIGNED: A survey was composed in a Google form and circulated through the website of the Russian Society of Psychiatrists and other professional networks. Statistical and narrative analysis was provided. The sample was represented by 148 psychiatrists working in inpatient or outpatient clinical settings.
UNASSIGNED: Expectations for the classification of mental disorders reported by the respondents were wider than the current purpose of ICD-10. In general, the Russian psychiatrists expressed their interests to forthcoming ICD-11 implementation. Positive attitudes to ICD-11 innovations were associated with the familiarity with the ICD-11 draft. Conservative or negative views were related to longer years of clinical experience. Early carrier psychiatrists were more practically oriented than \'old school\' clinicians.
UNASSIGNED: This survey may help to promote the ICD-11 by focusing on its advantages for clinical practice and develop targeted training programs.
UNASSIGNED: Ожидается, что внедрение МКБ-11 начнется с 2022 года в странах-членах ВОЗ, включая Россию. Этот процесс предполагает не только официальный перевод статистической классификации и диагностических указаниях МКБ-11, но и соответствующую подготовку клиницистов. В последние годы разработка МКБ-11 и нововведения для диагностики психических расстройств находились в центре внимания специалистов в области психического здоровья во всем мире.
UNASSIGNED: Данный онлайн-опрос был проведен с целью выявления ожиданий и установок представителей российского психиатрического сообщества в преддверии внедрения МКБ-11.
UNASSIGNED: Опрос был составлен в Google форме и распространен через сайт Российского общества психиатров и другие профессиональные сети. Был проведен статистический и нарративный анализ ответов респондентов. Выборка была представлена 148 психиатрами, работающими в стационарных или амбулаторных клинических условиях.
UNASSIGNED: Ожидания в отношении классификации психических расстройств, о которых сообщили респонденты, были шире, чем те цели, для которых они используют МКБ-10 в своей повседневной практике. В целом российские психиатры выразили свою заинтересованность новой версией МКБ-11. Позитивное отношение к нововведениям МКБ-11 было связано со степенью осведомленности с данным проектом. Консервативные взгляды или негативное отношение были чаще типичны для специалистов с более длительным клиническим опытом. Психиатры, начинающие свою профессиональную карьеру, были более ориентированы на практическое использование новой версии МКБ, чем клиницисты \"старой школы\".
UNASSIGNED: Результаты опроса, отражающие распространенные мнения и взгляды отечественных клиницистов, могут быть полезны для продвижения МКБ-11. Прежде всего потребуется широкое ознакомление профессионального психиатрического сообщества с новыми указаниями данной классификации для диагностики психических расстройств, и привлечение внимания к ее преимуществам для применения в клинической практике. Важное значение имеет также разработка целевых обучающих программ с учетом разной степени готовности к вводимым изменениям.

UNASSIGNED: In order to assess the specifics of practical use of the ICD-10 Diagnostic Guidelines by Russian psychiatrists, official national statistics on the prevalence of a number of mental disorders in Russia in 2019 were compared with the results of meta-analyses of international epidemiological studies of these disorders. In addition, a number of items in the online psychiatrists\' survey, relating to the diagnosis of schizophrenia, were analysed; 807 Russian psychiatrists took part in the online survey.
UNASSIGNED: Analysis of national statistics showed that domestic clinicians diagnose some mental disorders significantly less often than might be expected, according to data obtained by international epidemiological studies. The number of cases of bipolar affective disorder registered in Russia is 90-150 times less than that for the prevalence of this disorder, according to meta-analyses of epidemiological studies; for depression, the result is 50-70 times; for anxiety disorders, the number is 25-50 times, and for autism, it is 30 times. Instead of the above disorders, diagnoses of organic non-psychotic mental disorders and schizophrenia might have been used unreasonably often. Between 2005 and 2019, diagnosis of childhood autism changed significantly (an increase of more than 100%), while the frequency of diagnosing other mental disorders remained unchanged. The results of the online survey also showed largely perfunctory use of the ICD-10 Diagnostic Guidelines, with a third of respondents reporting never checking the diagnostic schedules, and another third doing so from time to time. In addition, the low estimates given by survey participants regarding practical utility of the ICD-10 Diagnostic Guidelines, along with a large percentage of respondents who do not directly use diagnostic criteria in their work, indicate the need to improve the clinical usefulness of the diagnostic guidelines in the latest revision of the ICD, including convenience of use in practice.
UNASSIGNED: The results of analysis of the Russian national mental health service statistic indicate that at least some diagnostic categories are not used by Russian psychiatrists exactly as ICD-10 suggests. The revealed discrepancy between the principles of diagnostics observed by domestic clinicians and international criteria may interfere with the use of evidence-based treatment algorithms, negatively affecting the quality of psychiatric care. In light of the upcoming transition to ICD-11 and in order to unify approaches to the diagnosis of mental disorders in our country, it is necessary to update and improve educational programmes for psychiatrists.
UNASSIGNED: С целью оценить особенности практического использования российскими психиатрами диагностических руководств к МКБ-10 было проведено сопоставление официальной государственной статистики о распространенности ряда психических расстройств в России в 2019 г. с результатами мета-анализов международных эпидемиологических исследований данных расстройств. Дополнительно проведен анализ ряда пунктов онлайн-опроса психиатров о диагностике шизофрении. В онлайн-опросе принимало участие 807 российских психиатров.
UNASSIGNED: Анализ данных государственной статистики показывает, что отечественные клиницисты диагностируют некоторые психические расстройства существенно реже, чем этого следовало бы ожидать, исходя из данных международных эпидемиологических исследований. Так, количество зарегистрированных в России случаев биполярного аффективного расстройства в 90-150 раз меньше, чем распространенность этого расстройства по данными мета-анализов эпидемиологических исследований; депрессии – в 50-70 раз; тревожных расстройств – в 25-50 раз, аутизма – в 30 раз. Вместо этих расстройств неоправданно часто могут использоваться диагнозы органических непсихотических психических расстройств и шизофрении. За период 2005-2019 гг. существенно изменилась диагностика детского аутизма (рост более, чем на 100%), тогда как частоты диагностики других психических расстройств остались без существенных изменений. Результаты онлайн опроса также продемонстрировали во многом формальное использование диагностических руководств к МКБ-10: треть респондентов никогда не сверяется с диагностическими перечнями, треть – делает это время от времени. Кроме того, низкая оценка участниками опроса утилитарных свойств диагностического руководства к МКБ-10 и большой процент респондентов, которые не используют непосредственно диагностические критерии в своей работе, указывают на необходимость улучшения клинической полезности диагностического руководства новой версии МКБ, включая удобство его практического использования.
UNASSIGNED: Результаты анализа статистики российской государственной психиатрической службы свидетельствуют о том, что как минимум ряд диагностических категорий российские психиатры используются не совсем так, как предполагает МКБ-10. Выявленное несоответствие принципов диагностики, проводимой отечественными клиницистами, современным международным критериям может мешать применению доказательных алгоритмов терапии, негативно влияя на качество психиатрической помощи. В свете грядущего перехода к МКБ-11 и с целью унификации подходов к диагностике психических расстройств в нашей стране, необходимо обновление и усовершенствование образовательных программ для психиатров.

Using data from two ED. departments of 773 patients admitted with SARS-CoV-2, ICD-10 codes derived from the General Practitioner - Summary Care Record (GP-SCR) and Emergency Department (ED.) records were analysed for code discrepancies and whether this related to increased mortality. The average number of ICD-10 codes in both GP-SCR and ED. records was higher for patients who died than patients who survived (all p < .0001). Pre-existing GP digital data provides a better prediction of mortality than data collected manually during admission clerking in the ED. Up to 78.47% of GP-SCR codes were missed in the ED. records and up to 45.49% of the ED. record codes were not in the GP-SCR. A subset of missed ICD-10 codes were identified as being able to predict outcome; a trend towards increasing death rate as the proportion of missed codes increases. Initiatives to make the GP-SCR available to the wider healthcare community should improve patient care and reduce bias during development of machine learning based algorithms.

BACKGROUND: Hospital discharge diagnoses from administrative registries are frequently used in studies of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism, but the validity of International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for identifying such events is unknown.
METHODS: Using patient samples from the Danish National Patient Register, we calculated positive predictive values (PPV), i.e., the proportion of registered ICD codes, which could be confirmed after manual search of the electronic health record. Sensitivity was estimated in a sample of patients with imaging-verified venous thromboembolism but without prior knowledge about their ICD coding status. Sensitivity was calculated as the proportion of these patients, who were discharged with an ICD code for venous thromboembolism.
RESULTS: The overall PPV of an ICD-10 diagnosis of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism was 75.9 % (95 % confidence interval 71.3-80.0). In subgroups, the PPV was particularly low for recurrent venous thromboembolism (44.2 %), diagnoses in a secondary position (55.7 %), outpatient diagnoses (65.3 %), and diagnoses given at surgical (66.7 %), emergency wards (48.4 %), or via hospices/palliative teams (0 %). The overall sensitivity was 68 %, meaning 32 % of patients with cancer diagnosed in hospital with venous thromboembolism were discharged without any registered ICD code for venous thromboembolism.
CONCLUSIONS: The positive predictive value of an ICD diagnosis of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism in the Danish Patient Register was overall adequate for research purposes, but with notable variation across subgroups. Sensitivity was limited, as 1/3 of patients with venous thromboembolism were discharged without any relevant ICD code. Cautious interpretation of incidence of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism based on administrative register-based data is warranted.

BACKGROUND: Given changes in intervention guidelines and the growing popularity of endovascular treatment for aortic aneurysms, we examined the trends in admissions and repairs of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAAs), and thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs).
METHODS: We identified all patients admitted with ruptured aortic aneurysms and intact aortic aneurysms repaired in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample between 2004 and 2019. We then examined the use of open, endovascular, and complex endovascular repair (OAR, EVAR, and cEVAR) for each aortic aneurysm location (AAA, TAAA, and TAA), alongside their resulting in-hospital mortality, over time. cEVAR included branched, fenestrated, and physician-modified endografts.
RESULTS: 715,570 patients were identified with AAA (87% intact repairs and 13% rupture admissions). Both intact AAA repairs and ruptured AAA admissions decreased significantly between 2004 and 2019 (intact 41,060-34,215, P < .01; ruptured 7175-4625, P = .02). Of all AAA repairs performed in a given year, the use of EVAR increased (2004-2019: intact 45%-66%, P < .01; ruptured 10%-55%, P < .01) as well as cEVAR (2010-2019: intact 0%-23%, P < .01; ruptured 0%-14%, P < .01). Mortality after EVAR of intact AAAs decreased significantly by 29% (2004-2019, 0.73%-0.52%, P < .01), whereas mortality after OAR increased significantly by 16% (2004-2019, 4.4%-5.1%, P < .01). In the study, 27,443 patients were identified with TAAA (80% intact and 20% ruptured). In the same period, intact TAAA repairs trended upward (2004-2019, 1435-1640, P = .055), and cEVAR became the most common approach (2004-2019, 3.8%-72%, P = .055). A total of 141,651 patients were identified with ascending, arch, or descending TAAs (90% intact and 10% ruptured). Intact TAA repairs increased significantly (2004-2019, 4380-10,855, P < .01). From 2017 to 2019, the mortality after OAR of descending TAAs increased and mortality after thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair decreased (2017-2019, OAR 1.6%-3.1%; thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair 5.2%-3.8%).
CONCLUSIONS: Both intact AAA repairs and ruptured AAA admissions significantly decreased between 2004 and 2019. The use of endovascular techniques for the repair of all aortic aneurysm locations, both intact and ruptured, increased over the past two decades. Most recently in 2019, 89% of intact AAA repairs, infrarenal through suprarenal, were endovascular (EVAR or cEVAR, respectively). cEVAR alone increased to 23% of intact AAA repairs in 2019, from 0% a decade earlier. In this period of innovation, with many new options to repair aortic aneurysms while maintaining arterial branches, endovascular repair is now used for the majority of all intact aortic aneurysm repairs. Long-term data are needed to evaluate the durability of these procedures.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility and challenges of mapping between SNOMED CT and the ICD-11 Foundation in both directions, SNOMED International and the World Health Organization conducted a pilot mapping project between September 2021 and August 2022.
METHODS: Phase 1 mapped ICD-11 Foundation entities from the endocrine diseases chapter, excluding malignant neoplasms, to SNOMED CT. In phase 2, SNOMED CT concepts equivalent to those covered by the ICD-11 entities in phase 1 were mapped to the ICD-11 Foundation. The goal was to identify equivalence between an ICD-11 Foundation entity and a SNOMED CT concept. Postcoordination was used for mapping to ICD-11. Each map was done twice independently, the results were compared, and discrepancies were reconciled.
RESULTS: In phase 1, 59% of 637 ICD-11 Foundation entities had an exact match in SNOMED CT. In phase 2, 32% of 1893 SNOMED CT concepts had an exact match in the ICD-11 Foundation, and postcoordination added 15% of exact match. Challenges encountered included non-synonymous synonyms, mismatch in granularity, composite conditions, and residual categories.
CONCLUSIONS: This pilot project shed light on the tremendous amount of effort required to create a map between the 2 coding systems and uncovered some common challenges. Future collaborative work between SNOMED International and WHO will likely benefit from its findings. It is recommended that the 2 organizations should clarify goals and use cases of mapping, provide adequate resources, set up a road map, and reconsider their original proposal of incorporating SNOMED CT into the ICD-11 Foundation ontology.

BACKGROUND: The Clinical Classification Software Refined (CCSR) is a tool that groups many thousands of International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision (ICD-10) diagnosis codes into approximately 500 clinically meaningful categories, simplifying analyses. However, CCSR was developed for use in the United States and may not work well with other country-specific ICD-10 coding systems.
METHODS: We developed an algorithm for semi-automated matching of Canadian ICD-10 codes (ICD-10-CA) to CCSR categories using discharge diagnoses from adult admissions at 7 hospitals between Apr 1, 2010 and Dec 31, 2020, and manually validated the results. We then externally validated our approach using inpatient hospital encounters in Denmark from 2017 to 2018.
RESULTS: There were 383,972 Canadian hospital admissions with 5,186 distinct ICD-10-CA diagnosis codes and 1,855,837 Danish encounters with 4,612 ICD-10 diagnosis codes. Only 46.6% of Canadian codes and 49.4% of Danish codes could be directly categorized using the official CCSR tool. Our algorithm facilitated the mapping of 98.5% of all Canadian codes and 97.7% of Danish codes. Validation of our algorithm by clinicians demonstrated excellent accuracy (97.1% and 97.0% in Canadian and Danish data, respectively). Without our algorithm, many common conditions did not match directly to a CCSR category, such as 96.6% of hospital admissions for heart failure.
CONCLUSIONS: The GEMINI CCSR matching algorithm (available as an open-source package at https://github.com/GEMINI-Medicine/gemini-ccsr) improves the categorization of Canadian and Danish ICD-10 codes into clinically coherent categories compared to the original CCSR tool. We expect this approach to generalize well to other countries and enable a wide range of research and quality measurement applications.

OBJECTIVE: The services defined as complementary and alternative medicine/healthcare (CAM) are used to varying degrees according to the nature of the health problem, and musculoskeletal disorders, in particular, often lead to the use of CAM. Chronic pain is often cited as a reason for using CAM, and it is also the cardinal symptom of patients with back pain referred for specialist care. However, previous studies do not consider the heterogeneity of back pain when examining the use of CAM. Thus, this study aimed to explore the associations between CAM use and clinical findings incl. ICD-10 diagnostic codes in such a context.
METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, a logistic regression analysis examined associations between CAM use and clinical findings at a public outpatient spine department. Chi-squared test examined the association between self-reported reasons for CAM use and the diagnostic groups.
RESULTS: Of the 432 patients in the study population, 23.8% reported using CAM within 12 months prior to clinical assessment. CAM use was associated with being female and of younger age. Seeking CAM was not associated with clinical findings nor diagnosis, and no statistically significant association between the reasons for seeking CAM and the diagnostic groups was described.
CONCLUSIONS: Among patients referred to specialist care for back pain, this study provides no evidence that the spinal condition should be expected to lead to the use of CAM. Only the individual demographic findings, specifically age and gender, were associated with CAM use.

BACKGROUND: While clinical coding is intended to be an objective and standardized practice, it is important to recognize that it is not entirely the case. The clinical and bureaucratic practices from event of death to a case being entered into a research dataset are important context for analysing and interpreting this data. Variation in practices can influence the accuracy of the final coded record in two different stages: the reporting of the death certificate, and the International Classification of Diseases (Version 10; ICD-10) coding of that certificate.
METHODS: This study investigated 91,022 deaths recorded in the Scottish Asthma Learning Healthcare System dataset between 2000 and 2017. Asthma-related deaths were identified by the presence of any of ICD-10 codes J45 or J46, in any position. These codes were categorized either as relating to asthma attacks specifically (status asthmatic; J46) or generally to asthma diagnosis (J45).
RESULTS: We found that one in every 200 deaths in this were coded as being asthma related. Less than 1% of asthma-related mortality records used both J45 and J46 ICD-10 codes as causes. Infection (predominantly pneumonia) was more commonly reported as a contributing cause of death when J45 was the primary coded cause, compared to J46, which specifically denotes asthma attacks.
CONCLUSIONS: Further inspection of patient history can be essential to validate deaths recorded as caused by asthma, and to identify potentially mis-recorded non-asthma deaths, particularly in those with complex comorbidities.