延迟贴现(DD)是指根据其延迟而使结果贬值的趋势。大多数当代人类DD研究都使用假设的货币来评估DD的个人比率。然而,非货币结果,如食物,物质的滥用,性结果也被使用,并且由于它们与健康的联系而具有优势。本文回顾了关于食物非货币结果使用的文献,毒品,以及与健康和强化病理有关的性结果,如物质使用障碍,肥胖,和性危险行为,分别,并为它们在贴现研究中的使用提供了依据。首先,食物,物质,就与健康问题和强化病理的联系而言,性可能比金钱更具生态有效性。第二,特定商品的一致趋势(即,域)效应,其中非货币结果的贴现比货币更陡峭,增加贴现值的变化。第三,描述了旨在改变健康选择的治疗方法在商品折扣方面的具体变化。最后,方法趋势,如重测可靠性,震级效应,假设结果与实际结果的使用,和年龄相关的影响讨论了三种结果类型,并与货币贴现的趋势进行了比较。以个人喜好为中心的限制,非系统数据,讨论了剥夺。我们认为研究人员可以加强他们的DD研究,特别是那些与健康问题和强化病理有关的,使用非货币结果。对未来的研究方向提出了建议。
Delay discounting (DD) refers to the tendency to devalue an outcome as a function of its delay. Most contemporary human DD research uses hypothetical money to assess individual rates of DD. However, nonmonetary outcomes such as food, substances of misuse, and sexual outcomes have been used as well, and have advantages because of their connections to health. This article reviews the literature on the use of nonmonetary outcomes of food, drugs, and sexual outcomes in relation to health and reinforcer pathologies such as substance use disorders, obesity, and sexual risk behaviors, respectively, and makes a case for their use in discounting research. First, food, substances, and sex may be more ecologically valid outcomes than money in terms of their connections to health problems and reinforcer pathologies. Second, consistent trends in commodity-specific (i.e., domain) effects, in which nonmonetary outcomes are discounted more steeply than money, enhance variation in discounting values. Third, commodity-specific changes in discounting with treatments designed to change health choices are described. Finally, methodological trends such as test-retest reliability, magnitude effects, the use of hypothetical versus real outcomes, and age-related effects are discussed in relation to the three outcome types and compared to trends with monetary discounting. Limitations that center around individual preferences, nonsystematic data, and deprivation are discussed. We argue that researchers can enhance their DD research, especially those related to health problems and reinforcer pathologies, with the use of nonmonetary outcomes. Recommendations for future directions of research are delineated.