OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes in the serum levels of oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and their association with coronary artery disease (CAL) in children in the acute stage of Kawasaki disease (KD), as well as the clinical significance of OxPLs and eNOS.
METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on 95 children in the acute stage of KD (KD group). According to the presence of absence of CAL, the KD group was further divided into a CAL subgroup and a non-CAL (NCAL) subgroup. Thirty children with fever due to lower respiratory tract infection were enrolled as the fever group. Thirty healthy children who underwent physical examination were enrolled as the healthy control group. The above groups were compared in terms of general information and serum levels of OxPLs, eNOS and other laboratory indexes, and the correlation between OxPLs level and eNOS level was analyzed.
RESULTS: The KD group had a significantly higher level of OxPLs and a significantly lower level of eNOS compared with the fever group and the healthy control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the children with KD had a significantly decreased OxPLs level and a significantly increased eNOS level (P<0.05). Compared with the NCAL subgroup, the CAL subgroup had a significantly higher level of OxPLs and a significantly lower level of eNOS (P<0.05). Among the children of KD, the level of OxPLs was negatively correlated with that of eNOS (rs=-0.353, P<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Serum OxPLs and eNOS in the acute stage of KD may be involved in the development of CAL in children with KD, and therefore, they may be used as the biomarkers to predict CAL in these children.
目的: 探讨川崎病（Kawasaki disease, KD）急性期患儿的血清氧化磷脂（oxidized phospholipids, OxPLs）和内皮一氧化氮合酶（endothelial nitric oxide synthase, eNOS）水平的变化，分析血清OxPLs和eNOS水平与冠状动脉病变（coronary artery lesion, CAL）的相关性，并探讨其临床意义。方法: 前瞻性选择95例急性期KD患儿作为KD组，根据是否合并CAL分为CAL亚组和非冠状动脉病变（non-coronary artery lesion, NCAL）亚组；另外选取同期30例仅下呼吸道感染发热患儿作为发热组，30例健康体检儿童作为健康对照组。比较各组一般资料及血清OxPLs、eNOS等实验室指标的差异，分析血清OxPLs和eNOS的相关性。结果: KD组OxPLs水平高于发热组及健康对照组（P<0.05），eNOS水平低于发热组及健康对照组（P<0.05）。KD患儿治疗后较治疗前血清OxPLs下降，血清eNOS上升（P<0.05）。CAL亚组血清OxPLs高于NCAL亚组（P<0.05），血清eNOS水平低于NCAL亚组（P<0.05）。KD组患儿OxPLs与eNOS水平呈负相关（rs=-0.353, P<0.05）。结论: KD急性期血清OxPLs、eNOS参与了CAL发展，可成为预测KD患儿发生CAL的生物标志物。.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationships between serum plasminogen activator (PA) and D-dimer levels, the severity of Kawasaki disease (KD) in children, and their ability to predict coronary artery lesions (CAL).
METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed the clinical data of 102 children diagnosed with KD at the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University from January 2020 to September 2023. The cohort was divided into two groups: 31 children with CAL in the CAL group and 71 without it in the non-CAL group. The study assessed the incidence of CAL and investigated the correlations between serum PA and D-dimer levels and various inflammatory markers (white blood cell (WBC) count, platelet count, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the predictive value of these biomarkers for CAL.
RESULTS: CAL was present in 30.04% of the children. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that serum PA levels were inversely correlated with WBC count (P = 0.0187), platelet count (P = 0.0116), and ESR (P = 0.0041), while D-dimer levels were positively correlated with these markers (P < 0.001). A negative correlation between PA and D-dimer levels was also observed (P < 0.001). The combined use of PA and D-dimer levels to predict CAL achieved an area under the curve of 0.871.
CONCLUSIONS: Serum PA levels were negatively associated with the severity of KD, whereas D-dimer levels were positively associated. Together, these markers showed significant predictive value for CAL, highlighting their utility in assessing disease severity and guiding management in children with KD.

BACKGROUND: Kawasaki Disease (KD) involves arterial inflammation, primarily affecting the coronary arteries and leading to coronary artery lesions. Recent advancements in understanding the immunomodulatory roles of vitamin D have prompted investigations into the potential correlation between serum vitamin D levels and the risk of coronary artery lesions (CAL) in KD. This review aims to explore this association.
METHODS: A systematic search utilizing relevant keywords related to Kawasaki disease and coronary artery lesions was conducted across four databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science). The quality of the incorporated studies was assessed utilizing the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The study protocol is registered in PROSPERO under the registry code CRD42024493204.
RESULTS: In a review of five studies involving 442 KD patients and 594 healthy controls, KD patients generally had lower serum vitamin D levels compared to controls, with mixed findings on the association with coronary artery lesions and IVIG resistance. While three studies supported lower vitamin D in KD, one showed no significant difference. Regarding CAL, one study found lower vitamin D, another found higher levels associated with CAL, and two found no significant difference.
CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the evidence is inconclusive, but there\'s a trend suggesting potential benefits of sufficient vitamin D levels in Kawasaki disease rather than evidence refuting any association with clinical outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To study predictive indicators for coronary artery lesions (CAL) and construct a risk prediction model for CAL in Kawasaki disease (KD) children over 5 years old.
METHODS: A retrospective analysis of KD children over 5 years old at Wuhan Children\'s Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology from January 2018 to January 2023 was conducted. Among them, 47 cases were complicated with CAL, and 178 cases were not. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore predictive indicators for CAL in KD children over 5 years old and construct a risk prediction model. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the prediction model. Finally, the Framingham risk scoring method was used to quantify the predictive indicators, calculate the contribution of each indicator to the prediction of CAL in KD children over 5 years old, and construct a risk prediction scoring model.
RESULTS: The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the duration of fever before the initial intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment (OR=1.374, 95%CI: 1.117-1.689), levels of hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP; OR=1.008, 95%CI: 1.001-1.015), and serum ferritin levels (OR=1.002, 95%CI: 1.001-1.003) were predictive indicators for CAL in KD children over 5 years old. The optimal cutoff values for predicting CAL were: duration of fever before initial IVIG treatment of 6.5 days (AUC=0.654, 95%CI: 0.565-0.744), hs-CRP of 110.50 mg/L (AUC=0.686, 95%CI: 0.597-0.774), and ferritin of 313.62 mg/L (AUC=0.724, 95%CI: 0.642-0.805). According to the Framingham risk scoring method, the low, medium, and high-risk states of CAL occurrence were defined as probabilities of <10%, 10%-20%, and >20%, respectively, with corresponding scores of 0-4 points, 5-6 points, and ≥7 points.
CONCLUSIONS: In KD children over 5 years old, those with a longer duration of fever before initial IVIG treatment, higher levels of hs-CRP, or elevated serum ferritin levels are more likely to develop CAL.
目的: 探讨5岁以上川崎病（Kawasaki disease, KD）儿童合并冠状动脉病变（coronary artery lesion）的预测指标并构建风险预测模型。方法: 回顾性分析2018年1月—2023年1月华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉儿童医院收治的5岁以上KD患儿的临床资料，其中合并CAL 47例，未合并CAL 178例。采用多因素logistic回归分析探讨5岁以上KD儿童合并CAL发生的预测指标并构建风险预测模型，采用受试者操作特性曲线评价预测模型的效果。最后根据Framingham风险评分法对预测指标进行分层量化，计算各指标对5岁以上KD儿童合并CAL预测的贡献值并构建风险预测评分模型。结果: 多因素logistic回归分析显示，首剂静脉注射免疫球蛋白（intravenous immunoglobulin, IVIG）治疗前发热时长（OR=1.374，95%CI：1.117~1.689）、超敏C反应蛋白（hypersensitive C-reactive protein, hs-CRP；OR=1.008，95%CI：1.001~1.015）及血清铁蛋白（OR=1.002，95%CI：1.001~1.003）是5岁以上KD儿童合并CAL发生的预测指标。各指标预测CAL发生的最佳截断值为：首剂IVIG治疗前发热时长为6.5 d（AUC=0.654，95%CI：0.565~0.744），hs-CRP为110.50 mg/L（AUC=0.686，95%CI：0.597~0.774），铁蛋白为313.62 mg/L（AUC=0.724，95%CI：0.642~0.805）。据Framingham风险评分法对预测指标赋值并构建风险预测评分模型，将CAL发生的低、中、高危状态分别定义为发生概率<10%、10%~20%和>20%，对应分值分别为0~4分、5~6分、≥7分。结论: 在5岁以上KD患儿中，首次IVIG治疗前发热时间较长、hs-CRP水平较高或血清铁蛋白水平较高者，易发生CAL。.

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between vitamin D status and Kawasaki Disease (KD), as well as coronary artery lesion (CAL), has yet to be established.
METHODS: A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the correlation between vitamin D status and KD, as well as the impact of vitamin D status on the progression of KD into CAL.
RESULTS: The meta-analysis revealed a consistent and significant association between serum 25(OH)D level and the occurrence KD (studies N = 22; z = -3.51, P < 0.001). Patients with KD had markedly lower levels of vitamin D than healthy controls (SMD: -1.30 ng/mL, 95%CI: -2.05 to -0.55 ng/mL).
CONCLUSIONS: The study provided evidence supporting a significant association between lower serum vitamin D levels and the occurrence of KD, particularly within the Chinese population. However, the findings did not suggest a direct impact of vitamin D on the development of CAL in KD patients.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has indicated a negative correlation between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of Kawasaki disease (KD). However, the validation of this discovery through meta-analytical studies has been lacking. Furthermore, uncertainties persist regarding whether breastfeeding reduces the risk of coronary artery lesions (CAL) or resistance to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG).
METHODS: A systematic exploration of the MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, EMBASE, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases was conducted to identify longitudinal or randomized controlled trials investigating the efficacy of breastfeeding in preventing KD. The primary focus was on the incidence of KD, with secondary emphasis placed on the incidence of CAL and IVIG resistance. Data were pooled using a frequentist-restricted maximum-likelihood random-effects model.
RESULTS: Of the 179 potentially eligible studies identified, five (n = 1,982,634) were included. The analysis revealed a significantly lower risk of KD (expressed as odds ratio, with 95% confidence intervals and p-values) in comparisons between exclusive breastfeeding and formula feeding (0.62, 0.43-0.91, p = 0.014), exclusive breastfeeding/partial breastfeeding and formula feeding (0.66, 0.46- 0.96, p = 0.03), and exclusive breastfeeding and partial breastfeeding/formula feeding (0.81, 0.74- 0.90, p < 0.01). However, no significant difference was observed in the risk of developing KD when comparing partial breastfeeding to formula feeding exclusively. Regarding secondary outcomes, no statistically significant difference was found in the risk of CAL or IVIG resistance across any comparison formats.
CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that breastfeeding correlated with a reduced risk of KD but not with a reduced risk of CAL or IVIG resistance. These findings advocate for the implementation of breastfeeding policies in clinical practice.

UNASSIGNED: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the relationship between the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resistance and coronary artery lesion (CAL) in Kawasaki disease (KD).
UNASSIGNED: The relevant literature was searched on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar up to August 5, 2023. A pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and area under curve (AUC) were calculated to assess the predicted values of PNI in KD patients with IVIG resistance and CAL.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 8 articles containing 10 studies involving 7,047 participants were included. The pooled results revealed a pooled sensitivity of 0.44 (0.25-0.65), a pooled specificity of 0.87 (0.73-0.94), a pooled PLR of 3.4 (2.0-5.9), a pooled NLR of 0.65 (0.48-0.87), a pooled DOR of 5.26 (2.76-10.02), and a pooled AUC of 0.75 (0.71-0.78) in the diagnosis of KD with CAL. The pooled results suggested that a pooled sensitivity was 0.69 (0.60-0.77), specificity was 0.76 (0.69-0.82), PLR was 2.9 (2.1-4.1), NLR was 0.40 (0.29-0.56), DOR was 7.27 (3.89-13.59), and AUC was 0.79 (0.75-0.82) in the diagnosis of KD with IVIG resistance. The combined results revealed the pooled sensitivity was 0.63 (0.58-0.67), specificity was 0.82 (0.80-0.83), PLR was 3.09 (1.06-8.98), NLR was 0.38 (0.07-2.02), DOR was 8.23 (0.81-83.16) in differentiating KD from febrile patients. These findings demonstrated low sensitivity and relatively high specificity of PNI for KD, KD-CAL, and IVIG-resistant KD.
UNASSIGNED: In conclusion, this study was the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic value of PNI in KD with IVIG resistance and CAL. The results suggested that PNI could be used as biomarkers for distinguish KD, KD with CAL, and KD with IVIG resistance.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence and anatomic characteristics of coronary artery lesions and their associated postoperative risk in patients undergoing supravalvular aortic stenosis repair.
METHODS: The association between structural risk factors, postoperative ST-segment changes, and major adverse cardiac events was explored using logistic regression and the Fisher\'s exact test.
RESULTS: In 51 consecutive patients with supravalvular aortic stenosis treated between 2000 and 2017, a total of 48 coronary lesions were identified in 27 patients (53%). Prominent ostial ridge (type I) was the most common coronary lesion, followed by small ostium with (IIIb) or without (IIIa) diffuse long-segment coronary narrowing, and adhesion of the coronary cusp (type II). There were 54 concomitant coronary procedures, including 43 primary corrections and 11 revisions. Thirty-three patients underwent supravalvular aortic stenosis repair with a bifurcated patch, of which 13 (39.4%) had right coronary artery distortion/kinking requiring patch plication (n = 8) and reimplantation (n = 5). Postoperative major adverse cardiac events (MACE) occurred in 9 patients (17.6%), including 3 deaths, 4 needing mechanical circulatory support, and 6 experiencing ventricular arrhythmias. Twenty-two patients (43.1%) had postoperative ST-segment changes, including 13 early changes that resolved within 24 h and 9 persistent changes lasting >24 h. Patients with type III lesions were associated with postoperative persistent ST-segment change (P = 0.04) and these lesions independently predicted postoperative MACE (P = 0.02). Patients with pre-existing coronary lesions were at elevated risk of right coronary artery distortion/kinking (P = 0.045).
CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of ST-segment changes and MACE is high in patients undergoing supravalvular aortic stenosis repair. The preoperative presence of complex coronary lesions is the most important predictor for postoperative major adverse cardiac events.

UNASSIGNED: Coronary artery lesions (CALs) are a major complication of Kawasaki disease (KD); however, data on CAL incidence and risk factors in recurrent KD are limited.
UNASSIGNED: Ninety-seven children with recurrent KD were retrospectively enrolled from 2013 to 2022, and CAL incidence was tracked during admission, discharge, and during follow-up.
UNASSIGNED: Initially, 27.8% had CAL at admission and discharge, declining to 7.2% at 12 months post-discharge. Most patients (66 of 97, 68.0%) did not exhibit CAL at any of the time points, 7 cases presented CAL at all time points, indicating a persistent CAL. The remaining 20 cases presented CAL at admission but recovered at discharge or during follow-up. Notably, transient CALs had presented at discharge, or during the follow-up, but finally resolved at 12 months after discharge. Notably, prior IVIG resistance and increased prothrombin time seemed associated with CAL in recurrent KD, suggesting they could help identify patients needing close monitoring.
UNASSIGNED: The study highlights decreasing CAL incidence over time in recurrent KD but with diverse patterns, emphasizing the importance of monitoring and further investigations to confirm these findings.

Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic inflammatory vascular disorder that predominantly affects children and is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children. Although the etiology of this disease remains unclear, genome-wide association and genome-wide linkage studies have shown that some susceptible genes and chromosomal regions are associated with the development and progression of KD. With the advancement of high-throughput DNA sequencing techniques, more and more genomic information related to KD is being discovered. Understanding the genes involved in the pathogenesis of KD may provide novel insights into the diagnosis and treatment of KD. By analyzing related articles and summarizing related research advances, this article mainly discusses the T cell activation-enhancing genes that have been confirmed to be closely associated with the development and progression of KD and reveals their association with the pathogenesis of KD and coronary artery lesions.
川崎病（Kawasaki disease, KD）是一种好发于儿童的全身性血管炎症疾病，是儿童后天性心脏病的主要原因。虽然该病病因尚不清楚，但通过全基因组关联和全基因组连锁研究发现，一些易感基因和染色体区域与KD的发生发展相关。随着高通量DNA测序技术的发展，越来越多与KD相关的基因组信息被发现。了解KD发病机制中涉及的基因可能为该病的诊断和治疗提供新思路。该文通过分析相关文献，总结研究进展，主要讨论目前已证实与KD发生发展密切相关的增强T细胞活化类基因，揭示其与KD发病及冠状动脉损伤的相关性。.