This study aimed to compare the pre- and post-operative temporomandibular joint (TMJ) condylar position in dentofacial deformity (DFD) patients who had orthognathic surgeries using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). A retrospective study evaluating the pre- and post-operative CBCT for 79 DFD patients (equivalent to 158 TMJs) (mean age = 26.62 ± 9.5 years) with a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy with or without Le Fort I surgeries (n = 29 Class II DFD, n = 50 Class III DFD) was performed. This included the compartmental measurement of TMJ spaces, in addition to the measurement of intercondylar distances and angles. Condylar position centricity was assessed using the Pullinger and Hollender formula. Clinical data were analysed for DFD class, the type of surgery and post-operative CBCT timing. Pre- and post-operative measurements were compared statistically using a paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and Stuart-Maxwell test. TMJ condyles tended to relocate post-operatively in a posterosuperior position with internal rotation in Class II DFD and a superior position with internal rotation in Class III DFD. However, the overall changes were within <0.5 mm translation and <4° rotation and the number of concentrically positioned condyles (according to the Pullinger and Hollender formula) did not change significantly. Orthognathic surgery is associated with minor post-operative translational and rotational condylar positional changes in Class II and III DFDs.

Background: Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic condition characterized by an extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting in various physical and cognitive features. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the dental and craniofacial morphology of individuals with DS using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Methods: Six individuals with DS, comprising five males and one female aged 17 to 35 years, underwent CBCT scanning. Radiographic assessments included dentition, occlusion, paranasal sinuses, airway, skull bones, and suture calcification. Linear and angular cephalometric measurements were performed, and airway analysis was conducted using Dolphin 3D imaging software v.11. Results: The study revealed prognathic maxilla in five patients, prognathic mandible in four, and bimaxillary protrusion in two. Dental findings included microdontia, enamel hypoplasia, and congenitally missing teeth, with maxillary and mandibular third molars most commonly absent. Sinus abnormalities, delayed suture closure, and cervical spine anomalies were also observed. Conclusion: These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of DS-related craniofacial characteristics and emphasize the importance of considering these morphometric features in clinical management strategies for individuals with DS. This study\'s limited sample size underscores the significance of radiographic assessment in planning interventions such as cosmetic reconstructions, prosthetic rehabilitation, or orthodontic treatment for individuals with DS.

Background: An accurate determination of the biological width and the relationship of the cemento-enamel junction with the border of the alveolar bone is crucial during a clinical crown-lengthening (CCL) procedure. The aim of this study was to present a technical note about the retraction techniques in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) prior to CCL, highlighting the significant enhancement in procedural accuracy and predictability that these techniques offer. Methods: Clinical and radiological examinations should be performed before a CCL procedure. It is necessary to determine the length of the tooth crowns, the periodontal pockets\' depth, and the phenotype of the gingiva. The ideal CBCT examination should be performed with soft tissue retraction. This can be achieved using retractors or cotton rolls. Results: Retraction of the lips, cheeks, and tongue allows one to assess the marginal gingiva, the cemento-enamel junction, and the alveolar bone. A detailed plan of the CCL procedure, which involves retraction, ensures both the aesthetic appeal and the achievement of a newly defined gingival zenith, enhancing the overall visual harmony. Conclusions: Compared with conventional radiographic imaging, the soft tissue retraction maneuver in CBCT prior to CCL surgery offers an effective approach to the evaluation and diagnosis of soft and hard tissue. This is because of the detailed planning of the aesthetic CCL procedure. Such an approach leads to superior aesthetic outcomes in dentistry, contributing to the advancement of aesthetic dentistry through a harmonious blend of art and science.

UNASSIGNED: This study aimed to evaluate linear measurements of the frontal sinus (FS) and sphenoid sinus (SS) for sex identification on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images.
UNASSIGNED: A comparative CBCT analysis was conducted on 200 full field of view (FOV) scans taken as part of routine dental investigations. Dimensions of the bilateral frontal and sphenoid sinuses were measured. Intra- and interobserver reliability were calculated. Independent t tests were used to compare the various parameters between sexes. Stepwise discriminant function analysis was used to determine sex. Additionally, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity were also determined. A p value < 0.05 was considered significant.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 200 CBCT scans were included in the study. The mean age (±SD) among males was 25.66 (±7.11) and that among females was 24.64 (±5.12). The ROC curve revealed that the right length of the frontal sinus showed the greatest accuracy in sex identification in comparison to other linear measurements of the FS and SS. The results of our study indicated that the equation obtained from stepwise discriminant function analysis can aid in sex determination with an accuracy of 76.5 %.
UNASSIGNED: Our findings support the sexual dimorphism of linear measurements of FS and SS. There was an improvement in the accuracy of sex prediction when the linear measurements of FS and SS were considered in combination rather than in isolation. The derived equation can be an adjunctive tool for sex identification for the representative population.

OBJECTIVE: We propose a dual-domain cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) reconstruction framework DualCBR-Net based on improved differentiable domain transform for cone-angle artifact correction.
METHODS: The proposed CBCT dual-domain reconstruction framework DualCBR-Net consists of 3 individual modules: projection preprocessing, differentiable domain transform, and image post-processing. The projection preprocessing module first extends the original projection data in the row direction to ensure full coverage of the scanned object by X-ray. The differentiable domain transform introduces the FDK reconstruction and forward projection operators to complete the forward and gradient backpropagation processes, where the geometric parameters correspond to the extended data dimension to provide crucial prior information in the forward pass of the network and ensure the accuracy in the gradient backpropagation, thus enabling precise learning of cone-beam region data. The image post-processing module further fine-tunes the domain-transformed image to remove residual artifacts and noises.
RESULTS: The results of validation experiments conducted on Mayo\'s public chest dataset showed that the proposed DualCBR-Net framework was superior to other comparison methods in terms of artifact removal and structural detail preservation. Compared with the latest methods, the DualCBR-Net framework improved the PSNR and SSIM by 0.6479 and 0.0074, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: The proposed DualCBR-Net framework for cone-angle artifact correction allows effective joint training of the CBCT dual-domain network and is especially effective for large cone-angle region.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop an evidence-based clinical imaging guideline for teeth suspected with vertical root fractures.
METHODS: An adaptation methodology based on the Korean Clinical Imaging Guidelines (K-CIG) was used in the guideline development process. After searching for guidelines using major databases such as Ovid-Medline, Elsevier-Embase, National Guideline Clearinghouse, and Guideline International Network, as well as domestic databases such as KoreaMed, KMbase, and KoMGI, two reviewers analyzed the retrieved articles. The retrieved articles were included in this review using well-established inclusion criteria.
RESULTS: Twenty articles were identified through an online search, of which three were selected for guideline development. Based on these three guidelines, this study developed specific recommendations concerning the optimal imaging modality for diagnosing teeth suspected of vertical root fractures.
CONCLUSIONS: Periapical radiography is the preferred method for assessing teeth with mastication-related pain and suspected vertical root fractures. However, if intraoral radiographs do not provide sufficient information about root fractures, a small FOV CBCT may be considered. However, the use of CBCT in endodontically treated teeth is significantly constrained by the presence of artificial shading.

Objective:To study the clinical anatomy of the sphenopalatine foramina by dissecting the sphenopalatine foramina during Vidian nerve branch neurotomy. The anatomy and CBCT images of sphenopalatine foramen were analyzed to facilitate the navigational of clinical operation using CBCT images. Methods:From October 2017 to September 2023, 84 cases（168 sides） of Vidian nerve branch neurotomy in our department were collected. The clinical summary was made according to the anatomy of sphenopalatine foramen during the operation. Preoperative CBCT imaging findings of the sphenopalatine foramina were also studied. Results:The clinical anatomy of sphenopalatine foramen could be divided into four types: middle meatus type（1.19%）, trans-meatus type（62.29%）, superior meatus type（33.33%） and double foramen type（1.19%）. The incidence of ethmoidal ridge was 98.81%. The distance from sphenopalatine foramina to posterior nasal canal were（14.63±2.66） mm to left and（14.65±2.63） mm to right, The position Angle ∠a of lower margin of sphenopalatine foramina were（62.36±10.05）° to left and（61.51±11.82）° to right, respectively. Axial CT images can be used to divide the sphenopalatine foramen into five levels: the upper edge of the sphenopalatine foramen level, the Vidian nerve level, the basal plate interaction level, the lower edge of the sphenopalatine foramen level and the pterygopalatine canal level. The agreement between endoscopic anatomy of sphenopalatine foramen and imaging navigation was 100%. Conclusion:The sphenopalatine foramina exhibit various anatomical types. The preoperative navigational CBCT reading can effectively identify the type of sphenopalatine foramina, guide the choice of surgical method, and help avoid serious complications. This has significant clinical application value.
目的：通过在翼管神经分支切断术术中解剖蝶腭孔，探讨蝶腭孔的临床解剖。再将解剖与蝶腭孔锥形束CT（cone beam computed tomography，CBCT）的影像结合分析，以实现通过蝶腭孔CBCT影像导航临床手术。 方法：收集2017年10月至2023年9月行翼管神经分支切断术患者84例（168侧），根据术中蝶腭孔的解剖进行临床总结，同时提取患者术前鼻窦CBCT研究蝶腭孔的影像学表现。 结果：蝶腭孔临床解剖可分为4中类型，中鼻道型占1.19%，跨鼻道型占62.29%，上鼻道型占33.33%，双孔型占1.19%。筛嵴出现率为98.81%。蝶腭孔-鼻后孔距离（SP）和蝶腭孔下缘位角（∠a）分别为左侧（14.63±2.66） mm、右侧（14.65±2.63） mm和左侧（62.36±10.05）°、右侧（61.51±11.82）°。轴位CT影像可将蝶腭孔层面分为5个层面：蝶腭孔上缘层面，翼管神经层面，基板交互层面，蝶腭孔下缘层面以及翼腭管层面。蝶腭孔内镜解剖与影像学导航契合度为100%。 结论：蝶腭孔具有多种解剖类型，术前导航般蝶腭孔CBCT阅片可有效的了解蝶腭孔的解剖，为选择手术方式及避免严重并发症发生提供参考，临床有一定应用价值。.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of low-dose cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) protocols with regard to linear bone measurements in the posterior mandible for implant planning compared with higher dose protocols.
METHODS: Forty-two edentulous posterior sites in human cadaveric mandibles were imaged in three CBCT scanners using three or four protocols with varying exposure parameters to achieve lower dose. Co-registration was performed to generate sagittal and cross-sectional image sections representative of the implant site. Three observers measured bone height, from the alveolar crest to the mandibular canal, and width, three mm from the top of the alveolar crest. Intra- and interobserver reproducibility were assessed for the cases rated as nonmeasurable as well as for completed measurements. The measurements were analyzed using paired t-tests for differences among the CBCT protocols and the frequency distribution of nonmeasurable cases with a Pearson Chi-square test.
RESULTS: Reproducibility for registering nonmeasurable cases varied among observers; however, no consistent significant differences were found in the frequency distribution of these cases among observers, units, and protocols. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were >0.9 for all measurements of bone height and width. Mean differences of <0.5 mm were found regardless of protocol; however, one observer did in some cases produce larger differences.
CONCLUSIONS: Linear bone measurements did not differ significantly and could be performed with excellent reliability, using low-dose CBCT protocols compared with standard and high-resolution ones. Varying approaches for rating nonmeasurable cases were found, indicating differences in diagnostic strategies related to implant planning among observers.

The aim of this study is to examine the frequency of maxillary sinus pathologies and their relationship with each other using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to make a new grade according to the number of affected walls. 1000 maxillary sinuses of 500 patients with CBCT images were included in the study. Anatomical variations and pathological formations of the maxillary sinuses were examined. Images were evaluated for the presence of flat, polypoidal, partial and generalized mucosal thickening, partial and total opacification, polyps and mucous retention cysts. Maxillary sinus pathologies were graded according to the number of walls affected. In the examined CBCT images, no pathology was found in 54.2% of the maxillary sinuses, while pathology was observed in 45.8%. The most common sinus pathologies were mucous retention cyst (12.3%) and polypoidal thickening (12.2%). While pneumatization, ostium obstruction, and the presence of sinus-related roots were associated with sinus pathology, no relationship was found with nasal septum deviation and the presence of septa. Before dental implant and sinus surgery applications, the presence of sinus pathologies and their relationship with anatomical variations can be evaluated with CBCT, a three-dimensional technique, and complications such as sinus membrane perforation, infection, failure to break the bone window due to the presence of antral septa, graft loss and oroantral fistula formation can be reduced.

This study aimed to delineate the detailed anatomy of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints in healthy horses using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The fetlock region of 15 cadaveric forelimbs and 14 cadaveric hindlimbs from nine adult horses without orthopaedic disease underwent CBCT scanning. Additionally, arthrography CBCT scans were conducted following intra-articular injection of a radiopaque contrast medium containing blue epoxy resin dye. Subsequently, limbs were frozen and sectioned to visualize anatomical structures in sectional planes corresponding to selected CBCT images. CBCT proved suitable for detailed visualization of the bony components of the fetlock region. Furthermore, the common digital extensor tendon, superficial and deep digital flexor tendons, suspensory ligament, and straight and oblique sesamoidean ligaments were identifiable on CBCT images. However, certain ligaments, such as the collateral sesamoidean ligaments and intersesamoidean ligaments, were not clearly identified. The hyaline cartilage of the MCP and MTP joint facets was assessable on the post-contrast sequence. In cases where a radiographic or ultrasound examination cannot provide a definitive diagnosis and determine the extent of disease, CBCT can provide additional valuable data on the equine MCP and MTP joint. The images obtained in this study can serve as a reference for CBCT examination of the equine MCP and MTP joint.