Objective: This systematic review aims to summarize the evidence on the use and applicability of AI in impacted mandibular third molars. Methods: Searches were performed in the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The study protocol is registered at the International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols (INPLASY202460081). The retrieved articles were subjected to an exhaustive review based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study. Articles on the use of AI for diagnosis, treatment, and treatment planning in patients with impacted mandibular third molars were included. Results: Twenty-one articles were selected and evaluated using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) evidence quality scale. Most of the analyzed studies dealt with using AI to determine the relationship between the mandibular canal and the impacted mandibular third molar. The average quality of the articles included in this review was 2+, which indicated that the level of evidence, according to the SIGN protocol, was B. Conclusions: Compared to human observers, AI models have demonstrated decent performance in determining the morphology, anatomy, and relationship of the impaction with the inferior alveolar nerve canal. However, the prediction of eruptions and future horizons of AI models are still in the early developmental stages. Additional studies estimating the eruption in mixed and permanent dentition are warranted to establish a comprehensive model for identifying, diagnosing, and predicting third molar eruptions and determining the treatment outcomes in the case of impacted teeth. This will help clinicians make better decisions and achieve better treatment outcomes.

Background: Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic condition characterized by an extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting in various physical and cognitive features. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the dental and craniofacial morphology of individuals with DS using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Methods: Six individuals with DS, comprising five males and one female aged 17 to 35 years, underwent CBCT scanning. Radiographic assessments included dentition, occlusion, paranasal sinuses, airway, skull bones, and suture calcification. Linear and angular cephalometric measurements were performed, and airway analysis was conducted using Dolphin 3D imaging software v.11. Results: The study revealed prognathic maxilla in five patients, prognathic mandible in four, and bimaxillary protrusion in two. Dental findings included microdontia, enamel hypoplasia, and congenitally missing teeth, with maxillary and mandibular third molars most commonly absent. Sinus abnormalities, delayed suture closure, and cervical spine anomalies were also observed. Conclusion: These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of DS-related craniofacial characteristics and emphasize the importance of considering these morphometric features in clinical management strategies for individuals with DS. This study\'s limited sample size underscores the significance of radiographic assessment in planning interventions such as cosmetic reconstructions, prosthetic rehabilitation, or orthodontic treatment for individuals with DS.

(1) Background: Pulp canal obliteration (PCO) is a common condition characterized by an abnormal dentinal apposition within the canal wall, which often rises as a consequence of dental trauma. In recent years, \"guided endodontics\" has offered a reliable and safer procedure for endodontic access in case of PCO. The present case report aims to introduce a new endodontic guided system with a sleeveless, open-frame titanium guide designed to reduce costs compared to traditional templates. (2) Methods: The patient is a 19-year-old female who was referred to a private clinic to treat a calcified and symptomatic tooth (3.3) with apical periodontitis. Following the first unsuccessful treatment attempt using the operating microscope, a three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) examination and an optical impression were performed in agreement with the patient. The Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) and Standard Tessellation Language (STL) files were sent to the lab for the template packaging, and the patient was scheduled for a second appointment. The endodontic guide was accurately positioned, and shaping and filling were concluded with success. The canal was sealed with the single-cone technique and bioceramic sealer. (3) Results: The patient reported no significant post-operative symptoms. Notably, the treatment achieved total symptom resolution, as evidenced by radiographic assessments conducted 3 and 24 months post-treatment, confirming the procedure\'s success. (4) Conclusions: This innovative sleeveless, open-frame static titanium guide presents a promising advancement in guided endodontics for PCO treatment. The advantages include preserving healthy dental tissue, reduced chairside operating time, and cost savings compared to conventional templates. This approach holds promise for enhancing the quality and efficiency of endodontic procedures in cases of PCO. While the static guide holds promise, larger prospective studies are necessary to validate its efficacy, safety, and broader applicability in routine endodontic procedures.

BACKGROUND: A central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is a benign, proliferative, intraosseous, and non-odontogenic lesion occurring primarily in children and young adults. On the histological level, it is characterized by numerous multinucleated giant cells scattered randomly throughout a sea of spindle-shaped mesenchymal stromal cells which are dispersed throughout the fibrovascular connective tissue stroma containing areas of haemorrhage. When it comes to radiographic features, CGCG can have an array of variations, ranging from well-defined expansile lesions to ill-defined and destructive lesions, with or without expansion.
METHODS: This case report reviews an 11-year-old Caucasian patient with a chief complaint of slow-growing swelling involving the right posterior mandibular region. The cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) revealed an ill-defined mixed lesion mimicking both fibro-osseous lesion and hemangioma. However, microscopic examination revealed multinucleated giant cells in a fibrous stroma suggestive of central giant cell granuloma.
CONCLUSIONS: Our intent in reporting this case is to highlight the importance of thorough clinical, radiographical and histopathological examination for accurate diagnosis and therapeutic interventions as well as to emphasize the importance of taking different possibilities into consideration when examining bony swellings in the head and neck region.

The mandibular second molar exhibits a wide range of intricate root canal variations, which can present challenges and difficulties in achieving successful root canal treatment. This report focuses on two specific cases involving a root canal variation in a typical taurodontism of the mandibular second molar. To provide a comprehensive analysis and illustration of the anatomical structure of intraoral taurodontism and the important considerations for root canal treatment, we utilized advanced imaging techniques such as cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and a dental microscope. By combining these tools, we were able to gain a deeper understanding of the complex root canal system and make informed decisions during the treatment process.

Introduction: Osseodensification is a non-extraction technique using specially designed drills to increase bone density while extending an osteotomy, allowing bone to be preserved and condensed by compacting autograft during osteotomy preparation, increasing bone density around implants, and improving mechanical stability. Aim: The objective of this study is to compare conventional osteotomy and osseodensification protocols in implant placement and analyze whether there are differences in bone density. Materials and Methods: Study variables were defined, namely, osseodensification technique, conventional osteotomy technique, bone density, sex, area of location, implant dimensions, implant dimensions, and implant stability. Eligibility and exclusion criteria were defined. A step-by-step surgical protocol was developed. The surgeon and radiologist underwent intra-examiner calibration. A total of 15 patients were selected according to the eligibility criteria, and a total of 41 implants were inserted, 20 implants by conventional osteotomy and 21 by osseodensification. A cone beam computed tomography was performed one year after prosthetic rehabilitation to estimate bone density. Data were collected and recorded, and in the analysis of the association of variables, non-parametric tests were applied. Results: Significant statistical results were found in bone density values, with higher values being obtained with the osseodensification technique, that is, median density values of 1020, and median density values of 732 for the bone drilling technique. The results of the correlation between bone density in both techniques and sex, primary implant stability, implant dimensions and location area were statistically non-significant. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, there are differences in bone density between conventional osteotomy and osseodensification protocols. Bone density is increased with osseodensification over a study period of one year.

Dental concrescence is an anomaly in which the cementum overlying the roots joins, causing the union of two different teeth. It is often reported in posterior dentition, affecting certain dental procedures such as root canal treatment, periodontal procedures, orthodontic movement and dental extraction. This case report describes the successful diagnosis and treatment of a 20-year-old male with a moderate skeletal class II who was referred for a radiographic evaluation after 1 year of failed orthodontic movement of teeth 1.1 and 1.2. The radiographic assessment with a Cone Beam Computed Tomography allowed discard other related pathologies and diagnose a dental concrescence. The patient underwent orthognathic surgery in which the class II was corrected, and the concrescence was treated with a prosthetic approach.
La concrescencia dental es una anomalía en la que el cemento que recubre las raíces se une, y provoca la unión de dos dientes diferentes. A menudo, se presenta en la dentición posterior y afecta ciertos procedimientos dentales, como el tratamiento del conducto radicular, los procedimientos periodontales, el movimiento de ortodoncia y la extracción dental. Este informe de caso describe el diagnóstico y tratamiento exitoso de un hombre de 20 años con una clase II esquelética moderada, que fue remitido para una evaluación radiográfica después de 1 año de movimiento ortodóncico fallido de los dientes 1.1 y 1.2. La valoración radiográfica con una tomografía computarizada de haz cónico permitió descartar otras patologías relacionadas y diagnosticar una concrescencia dentaria. El paciente fue sometido a una cirugía ortognática en la que se corrigió la clase II y se trató la concrescencia con abordaje protésico.

Dentigerous cysts are a common cystic pathology that develop between the first and third decade of life and are mainly associated with impacted or erupted mandibular third molars followed by maxillary canines and maxillary third molars. These kinds of cysts are the result of the proliferation of enamel epithelium after its formation, the pathogenesis of which is not clear. Few of these cysts have been reported in pediatric patients. The following case report presents the rare occurrence of a dentigerous cyst in a 6-year-old boy and describes the treatment administered.
Los quistes dentígeros son una patología quística común que se desarrolla entre la primera y la tercera década de la vida, y se asocian principalmente con terceros molares mandibulares incluidos o erupcionados, seguidos de caninos superiores y terceros molares superiores. Este tipo de quistes son el resultado de la proliferación del epitelio del esmalte después de su formación, cuya patogenia no está clara. Se han informado pocos de estos quistes en pacientes pediátricos. El siguiente reporte de caso presenta la rara ocurrencia de un quiste dentígero en un niño de 6 años y describe el tratamiento administrado.

Background: The risk of palatally displaced canines (PDCs) rises in patients with tooth agenesis. The orthodontic extrusion and alignment of PDCs require adequate anchorage to enable tooth movement and control the side effects. There is no paper presenting treatment in the case of severe oligodontia with simultaneous PDCs and the use of mini-implants (MIs) for their orthodontic extrusion. Case presentation: A 15-year-old patient presented with non-syndromic oligodontia and bilateral PDCs. Cone beam computed tomography revealed that both PDCs were in proximity to the upper incisors\' roots. There was no evident external root resorption of the incisors. The \"canines first\" approach was chosen. MIs were used both as direct and indirect anchorage. First, the extrusive forces of cantilevers were directed both occlusally and distally. Next, the buccal directions of forces were implemented. Finally, fixed appliances were used. PDCs were extruded, aligned, and torqued. Proper alignment and occlusion were achieved to enable further prosthodontic restorations. Conclusions: The use of MIs made it possible to avoid collateral effects, reduce the risk of complications, and treat the patient effectively. MIs provide adequate anchorage in demanding cases. The use of MIs for the extrusion of PDCs made it possible to offer this treatment option to patients with severe oligodontia. The presented protocol was effective and served to circumvent treatment limitations associated with an inadequate amount of dental anchorage and a high risk of root resorption.

Supernumerary teeth are dental anomalies characterized by the presence of an excessive number of teeth in relation to normal dentition. Among these, the supernumerary premolars have a prevalence of 0.29% to 0.64%, making it a very rare finding. On the other hand, gemination is a developmental disturbance in the shape of the teeth where a partial cleavage of a single tooth germ results in the formation of a singular root and a singular pulp chamber but two partially or totally separated crowns. Although these anomalies as individual entities are fairly common in clinical practice, the occurrence of both anomalies in a single tooth is an extremely rare occurrence. We hereby report a rare case of impacted geminated supernumerary premolar in a 45-year-old female patient. A thorough search of the literature revealed that only four cases listing this anomaly have been reported in the literature thus deserving a mention. In addition to the case presentation, the authors have also reviewed the existing literature on this anomaly.