BACKGROUND: The use of social media has been drastic in the field of neurosurgery over the last two decades. Almost 70 % of neurosurgeons use social media platforms such as Facebook, X (formerly Twitter), YouTube, and Instagram for purposes of professional growth. This literature review aims to quantify the use of social media in the field of neurosurgery, its benefits, and implications.
METHODS: A systematic review was conducted by searching PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar for articles pertaining tosocial media and neurosurgery.Mesh terms employed in the search strategy encompassed \"Social Media\", \"neurosurgery\", \"education\"\"benefits\", \"consequences\"and related variations.Inclusion criteria involved studiesvaryingin methodology, includingobservational studies, case reports and comprehensive reviewsand investigatingvarious aspects of benefits and limitations of social media for neurosurgeons, encompassing its importance in community building, professional development, contribution to research and publications, mentorship, cultural diversity and other pertinent benefits.
RESULTS: The search yielded635articles, with437unique articles screened based on relevance. Following a meticulous screening process,86articles underwent full-text assessment, resulting in the inclusion of22articles meeting the eligibility criteria.Insights were derived onthebenefits of social media,its current limitationsas well astrends and demographics surrounding social media use in neurosurgery.
CONCLUSIONS: In todays modernized world, social media acts as a double-edged sword when it comes to neurosurgery; it offers unparalleled opportunities for collaboration, education, patient engagement, and support while demanding careful use and navigation to mitigate the risks associated with it.

Migraine, a prevalent neurological disorder, affects approximately 14.1% of the global population and disproportionately impacts females. This debilitating condition significantly compromises quality of life, productivity, and incurs high healthcare costs, presenting a challenge not only to individuals but to societal structures as a whole. Despite advances in our understanding of migraine pathophysiology, treatment options remain limited, necessitating ongoing research into effective therapies. This review delves into the complexity of migraine management, examining the roles of genetic predisposition, environmental influences, personalized treatment approaches, comorbidities, efficacy and safety of existing acute and preventive treatments. It further explores the continuum between migraine and tension-type headaches and discusses the intricacies of treating various migraine subtypes, including those with and without aura. We emphasize the recent paradigm shift toward trigeminovascular activation and the release of vasoactive substances, such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which offer novel therapeutic targets. We assess groundbreaking clinical trials, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic perspectives, safety, tolerability, and the real-world application of CGRP monoclonal antibodies and gepants. In the face of persisting treatment barriers such as misdiagnosis, medication overuse headaches, and limited access to specialist care, we discuss innovative CGRP-targeted strategies, the high cost and scarcity of long-term efficacy data, and suggest comprehensive solutions tailored to Turkiye and developing countries. The review offers strategic recommendations including the formulation of primary care guidelines, establishment of specialized outpatient clinics, updating physicians on novel treatments, enhancing global accessibility to advanced therapies, and fostering patient education. Emphasizing the importance of lifestyle modifications and holistic approaches, the review underscores the potential of mass media and patient groups in disseminating critical health information and shaping the future of migraine management.

This review emphasises the importance of opioid monitoring in clinical practice and advocates for a personalised approach based on pharmacogenetics. Beyond effectively managing pain, meticulous oversight is required to address concerns about side effects, specially due to opioid-crisis-related abuse and dependence. Various monitoring techniques, along with pharmacogenetic considerations, are critical for personalising treatment and optimising pain relief while reducing misuse and addiction risks. Future perspectives reveal both opportunities and challenges, with advances in analytical technologies holding promise for increasing monitoring efficiency. The integration of pharmacogenetics has the potential to transform pain management by allowing for a precise prediction of drug responses. Nevertheless, challenges such as prominent pharmacogenetic testing and guideline standardisation persist. Collaborative efforts are critical for transforming scientific advances into tangible improvements in patient care. Standardised protocols and interdisciplinary collaboration are required to ensure consistent and evidence-based opioid monitoring. Future research should look into the long-term effects of opioid therapy, as well as the impact of genetic factors on individual responses, to help guide personalised treatment plans and reduce adverse events. Lastly, embracing innovation and collaboration can improve the standard of care in chronic pain management by striking a balance between pain relief and patient safety.

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are cell surface receptors with kinase activity that play a crucial role in diverse cellular processes. Among the RTK family members, Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and HER3 are particularly relevant to breast cancer. The review delves into the complexities of receptor tyrosine kinase interactions, resistance mechanisms, and the potential of anti-HER3 drugs, offering valuable insights into the clinical implications and future directions in this field of study. It assesses the potential of anti-HER3 drugs, such as pertuzumab, in overcoming resistance observed in HER2-positive breast cancer therapies. The review also explores the resistance mechanisms associated with various drugs, including trastuzumab, lapatinib, and PI3K inhibitors, providing insights into the intricate molecular processes underlying resistance development. The review concludes by emphasizing the necessity for further clinical trials to assess the efficacy of HER3 inhibitors and the potential of developing safe and effective anti-HER3 treatments to improve treatment outcomes for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer.

The Liliequist membrane (LM) represents a crucial yet challenging anatomical structure in neuroanatomy. First observed in 1875 and later elucidated by Bengt Liliequist in 1956, the LM\'s precise anatomical description and boundaries remain complex. Its significance extends to neurosurgery, impacting various procedures like endoscopic third ventriculocisternostomies, aneurysm and tumor surgeries, treatment of suprasellar arachnoid cysts, and managing perimesencephalic hemorrhages. However, a comprehensive understanding of the LM is hindered by inconsistent anatomical descriptions and limitations in available literature, warranting a systematic review.
A systematic review was conducted by searching PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar for articles pertaining to Liliequist\'s membrane. The search employed Mesh terms like \"Liliequist membrane,\" \"Liliequist\'s diaphragm,\" and related variations. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies exploring the historical evolution, anatomical structure, radiological characteristics, and clinical implications of the LM in neurosurgery.
The search yielded 358 articles, with 276 unique articles screened based on relevance. Following a meticulous screening process, 72 articles underwent full-text assessment, resulting in the inclusion of 5 articles meeting the eligibility criteria. The selected studies varied in methodology, including anatomical dissections, radiological evaluations, and clinical significance in neurosurgical procedures. Insights were derived on LM\'s anatomical variations, radiological visualization, and its critical role in guiding neurosurgical interventions.
Despite advancements in understanding its clinical significance and radiological visualization, challenges persist in precisely delineating its boundaries. Further research, especially on embryological development and histological characterization, is essential. Enhancing comprehension of LM-related pathologies is crucial for accurate preoperative planning and optimizing patient outcomes in neurosurgery.

Distal femur fractures present a substantial orthopedic challenge, necessitating a comprehensive exploration spanning epidemiology, anatomy, classification, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. This review thoroughly analyzes the multifaceted aspects surrounding distal femur fractures. It delves into the definition and epidemiology, shedding light on the incidence, age distribution, and associated risk factors. An exhaustive examination of the distal femur\'s anatomy, encompassing ligaments and tendons, establishes the groundwork for understanding fracture patterns and subsequent classification according to the AO Foundation/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) system. Diagnostic considerations encompass physical examination and various imaging modalities, emphasizing the critical importance of prompt and accurate assessment. The extensive discussion on treatment options ranges from non-surgical management, including casting and traction, to surgical interventions, such as open reduction and internal fixation, intramedullary nailing, and external fixation. The implications for clinical practice underscore the necessity for tailored approaches based on fracture characteristics to optimize patient outcomes. However, this review also emphasizes areas necessitating further investigation, including exploring predictive biomarkers, advanced surgical techniques, and innovative rehabilitation protocols. Insights from long-term outcomes and quality-of-life assessments in diverse populations offer promising avenues for enhancing the comprehensive management of distal femur fractures. Continuous research in these areas can refine treatment strategies and elevate the standard of care for individuals grappling with this intricate orthopedic condition.

Aortic stenosis (AS) is very common in mid-aged and elderly patients, and it has been reported to have a negative impact on both short and long-term survival with a high mortality rate. The current study identified methods of diagnosis, incidence, and causes of AS, pathogenesis, intervention and management and future perspectives of Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Aortic stenosis. A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus and CINAHL, using the Mesh terms and key words \"Aortic stenosis\", \"diagnostic criteria\", \"pathogenesis\", \"incidence and causes of AS\" and\" intervention and management strategies\". Studies were retained for review after meeting strict inclusion criteria that included studies evaluating Asymptomatic and Symptomatic AS. Studies were excluded if duplicate publication, overlap of patients, subgroup studies of a main study, lack of data on AS severity, case reports and letters to editors. Forty-five articles were selected for inclusion. Incidence of AS across the studies ranged from 3 % to 7 %. Many factors have been associated with incidence and increased risk of AS, highest incidence of AS was described after aortic valve calcification, rheumatic heart disease, degenerative aortic valve disease, bicuspid aortic valve and other factors. AS is common and can be predicted by aortic root calcification volume, rheumatic heart disease, degenerative aortic valve disease, bicuspid aortic valve. Intervention and management for AS patients is a complex decision that takes into consideration multiple factors. On the other hand, there is not enough progress in preventive pharmacotherapy to slow the progression of AS.

Depression, a pervasive mental health disorder, affects millions worldwide, necessitating the widespread use of synthetic anti-depressant medications. While these pharmaceutical interventions have demonstrated efficacy in alleviating depressive symptoms, they are not without their associated side effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the side effects of synthetic anti-depressants, aiming to enhance the understanding of their clinical implications. Common side effects explored include gastrointestinal disturbances, sexual dysfunction, insomnia, weight gain, and cognitive impairments. Additionally, this review delves into less frequent but potentially severe adverse events, such as serotonin syndrome, hyponatremia, and cardiac complications associated with specific classes of synthetic anti-depressants. Moreover, the review examines the interplay between side effects and treatment adherence, emphasizing the importance of monitoring and managing these effects in clinical practice. It also discusses strategies to mitigate side effects, including dose adjustments, combination therapy, and alternative treatment approaches. In conclusion, this comprehensive review sheds light on the multifaceted landscape of side effects associated with synthetic anti-depressants. By providing clinicians with a nuanced understanding of these effects, it aims to facilitate informed decision-making, personalized treatment plans, and improved patient outcomes in managing depression.

The fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene is one of the most extensively studied genes with many known mutations implicated in several human disorders, including oncogenic ones. Most FGFR2 disease-associated gene mutations are missense mutations that result in constitutive activation of the FGFR2 protein and downstream molecular pathways. Many tertiary structures of the FGFR2 kinase domain are publicly available in the wildtype and mutated forms and in the inactive and activated state of the receptor. The current literature suggests a molecular brake inhibiting the ATP-binding A loop from adopting the activated state. Mutations relieve this brake, triggering allosteric changes between active and inactive states. However, the existing analysis relies on static structures and fails to account for the intrinsic structural dynamics. In this study, we utilize experimentally resolved structures of the FGFR2 tyrosine kinase domain and machine learning to capture the intrinsic structural dynamics, correlate it with functional regions and disease types, and enrich it with predicted structures of variants with currently no experimentally resolved structures. Our findings demonstrate the value of machine learning-enabled characterizations of structure dynamics in revealing the impact of mutations on (dys)function and disorder in FGFR2.

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) remains a challenge in the context of reperfusion procedures for myocardial infarction (MI). While early revascularization stands as the gold standard for mitigating myocardial injury, recent insights have illuminated the paradoxical role of reperfusion, giving rise to the phenomenon known as ischemia-reperfusion injury. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate pathophysiological pathways involved in MIRI, placing a particular focus on the pivotal role of endothelium. Beyond elucidating the molecular intricacies, we explore the diverse clinical manifestations associated with MIRI, underscoring its potential to contribute substantially to the final infarct size, up to 50%. We further navigate through current preventive approaches and highlight promising emerging strategies designed to counteract the devastating effects of the phenomenon. By synthesizing current knowledge and offering a perspective on evolving preventive interventions, this review serves as a valuable resource for clinicians and researchers engaged in the dynamic field of MIRI.