The honeybee, Apis cerana cerana (Ac), is an important pollinator and has adapted to the local ecological environment with relevant coloration. The cuticle coloration of the brown (br) mutant is brown instead of black in wild-type individuals. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and characterize the gene responsible for the br mutation. Genome resequencing with allele segregation measurement using Euclidean distance followed by Lowess regression analysis revealed that the color locus linked to the mutation was located on chromosome 11. A 2-base deletion on exon 4 was identified in the g7628 (yellow) gene after genome assembly and sequence cloning. In addition, the cuticle color of the abdomen of worker bees changed from black to brown when a defect was induced in the yellow gene using short interfering RNA (siRNA); however, the survival rate did not decrease significantly. These results indicate that the yellow gene participated in the body pigmentation, and its defect was responsible for the br mutation. This study promotes the understanding of the molecular basis of body coloration in honeybees, enriching the molecular mechanisms underlying insect pigmentation.

The skin, hair, and nails can all present with yellow discoloration secondary to exogenous etiologies. Xanthoderma, yellow discoloration of the skin, can occur not only from exogenous sources secondary to topical contact with various substances but also from endogenous causes such as diseases from the liver and kidney, or oral medications. A 64-year-old man developed asymptomatic, yellow staining of his distal left forearm, hand, and fingertips. He was not receiving antimalarials, did not have hepatic or renal dysfunction, and had not applied any sunless tanning solutions to his skin. Prior to the appearance of his xanthoderma, he had been tending to a tomato plant in his yard; the yellow staining appeared on the areas of his left upper extremity that had contacted the stems and leaves of the tomato plant. Within two days, the yellow skin discoloration resolved spontaneously after several washings of the affected areas with soap and water. Tomato plants have trichomes that appear as hair-like structures on the stems and produce an oily substance; the trichomes not only produce the scent of the plant, but also provide protection from cold, drought, disease, and pests. Initially, when the oily substance contacts the skin, the skin appears yellow; subsequently, the skin may become black. The skin that has been stained by a tomato plant is referred to as \"tomato skin\" (TOMASK). In addition to reviewing the etiology of exogenous xanthoderma, this paper also summarizes the causes of exogenous yellow hair and yellow nails. Exogenous yellowing of the skin can result from various topical causes. Common topical etiologies of xanthoderma include not only contact with tomato plants, but also sunless tanning solutions (that contain dihydroxyacetone) and tobacco (that not only causes yellow staining of the white hair on men\'s upper lip referred to as \"smoker\'s mustache\", but also yellow staining of the nail plate and fingertips used to hold the cigarette or cigar). In summary, tomato plant-associated xanthoderma is a benign exogenous etiology of yellow staining of the skin which eventually resolves after several washings of the affected sites with soap and water.

Organic thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials have been widely investigated due to their impressive electronic properties and applied potential for the third generation of organic light-emitting diodes (OLED). We present organic TADF material (4BGIPN) based on the strained benzoguanidine donor and compare it with the benchmark carbazole-based material (4CzIPN). Extended π-conjugation in 4BGIPN material results in yellow-green luminescence at 512 nm with a fast radiative rate of 5.5 × 10-5 s-1 and a photoluminescence quantum yield of 46% in methylcyclohexane solution. Such a nitrogen-rich 4BGIPN material has a significantly stabilized highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) at -6.4 eV while the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) at -4.0 eV, indicating potential suitability for application as the electron transport layer or TADF class III emitter in OLEDs.

Yellow hair discoloration (xanthotrichia) has been observed in several settings. Indeed, acquired xanthotrichia, in addition to environmental and occupational causes, can be observed secondary to either iatrogenic, topical, or systemic exposure to systemic drugs and certain systemic conditions: most commonly essential fatty acid deficiencies, protein deficiency, or vitamin B12 deficiency. Smoker\'s mustache refers to the acquired yellow discoloration of previously white hair on the cutaneous upper lip of men. These individuals are typically elderly and have a history of smoking either cigarettes, cigars, or pipes of several years\' duration. The asymptomatic dyschromia often originates centrally, affecting the hair overlying the philtrum and expanding laterally. The condition is asymptomatic, and affected individuals are either unaware of the color change or not concerned with their altered appearance. Yellow to brown discoloration of the thumbnails, fingernails, or both (such as nicotine sign and/or harlequin nails) may be an accompanying clinical stigma to the smoker\'s mustache and a clue to the diagnosis. Management options include smoking cessation or hair removal of the discolored hair, or both; however, patients usually elect to continue smoking, maintain their facial hair, and continue to display their distinctive yellow smoker\'s mustache.

For a devastating agricultural pest, functional genomics promotes the finding of novel technology to control Spodoptera frugiperda, such as the genetics-based strategies. In the present study, 11 yellow genes were identified in Spodoptera frugiperda. The transcriptome analysis showed the tissue-specific expression of part yellow genes, which suggested the importance of yellow genes in some biological processes in S. frugiperda, such as pigmentation. Among these yellow genes, the expression profiles of yellow-y gene showed that it was expressed in all life stages. In order to realize the further study of yellow-y, we employed CRISPR/Cas9 system to knock out this gene. Following knock out, diverse phenotypes were observed, such as color changes in both larvae and adults. Different from the wild-type larvae and adults, G0 mutants were yellowed since hatching. However, no color difference was observed with the pupal cuticle between the wild-type and mutant pupae before the 8th day. On the basis of the single-pair strategy of G0 generation, the yellow-y gene was proved to be a recessive gene. The G1 yellowish larvae with biallelic mutations displayed a relatively longer development period than wild-type, and often generated abnormal pupae and moths. The deletion of yellow-y also resulted in a decline in the fecundity. The results revealed that yellow-y gene was important for S. frugiperda pigmentation, as well as in its development and reproduction. Besides, the present study set up a standard procedure to knock out genes in S. frugiperda, which could be helpful for our understanding some key molecular processes, such as functional roles of detoxification genes as insecticide resistance mechanisms or modes of action of insecticides to facilitate the management of this insect pest.

The diverse colors and patterns found in Lepidoptera are important for success of these species. Similar to the wings of adult butterflies, lepidopteran larvae exhibit diverse color variations to adapt to their habitats. Compared with butterfly wings, however, less attention has been paid to larval body colorations and patterns. In the present study, we focus on the yellow-y gene, which participates in the melanin synthesis pathway. We conducted CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis of yellow-y in the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura. We analyzed the role of S. litura yellow-y in pigmentation by morphological observation and discovered that yellow-y is necessary for normal black pigmentation in S. litura. We also showed species- and tissue-specific requirements of yellow-y in pigmentation in comparison with those of Bombyx mori yellow-y mutants. Furthermore, we found that almost none of the yellow-y mutant embryos hatched unaided. We provide evidence that S. litura yellow-y has a novel important function in egg hatching, in addition to pigmentation. The present study will enable a greater understanding of the functions and diversification of the yellow-y gene in insects.

Laboratory assays were conducted to evaluate responses of Diaphorina citri to various aspects of visual cues associated with traps in an effort to improve trap effectiveness. Addition of white or UV violet but not yellow light-emitting diodes (LEDs) increased attraction to standard yellow adhesive traps moderately (11-17%), with no difference in attraction between white or UV violet LEDs. Addition of a black border on yellow traps enhanced collections. However, there were no differences between attraction to black patterns on traps. Comparisons were made between different commercial paints, some with UV-reflecting properties or fluorescence. A yellow paint with UV reflectance, used for painting bird decoys (decoy yellow), was more attractive than the standard yellow Olson sticky trap. Addition of white or green pigment to increase intensity or enhance green reflectance, respectively, did not increase attraction. Alteration of reflectance of Olson traps with addition of UV-reflecting or fluorescent pigments did not enhance attraction of D. citri. In field comparisons, decoy yellow and fluorescent yellow sticky traps were more attractive to D. citri than Olson yellow.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with center-involved diabetic macular edema (CI-DME) with good visual acuity (VA) represent a controversial clinical scenario in which a subthreshold laser might be a reasonable approach. We report a case series of patients with CI-DME with VA better than 20/32 who were treated with a subthreshold 577 nm (yellow) laser.
METHODS: The area of retinal thickening on OCT was treated with confluent laser spots at individually titrated power. The fovea was spared from treatment. Effectiveness and safety were evaluated through OCT and autofluorescence (AF) as well as BCVA.
RESULTS: A total of 23 eyes from 19 patients were treated. VA ranged from 20/20 to 20/30. The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 18 months. Edema in OCT resolved completely at the end of follow-up in 56.5% (13/23) of the cases. Central retinal thickness was reduced at 12 weeks and at the end of follow-up, with a mean reduction of 16.9 μm and 22 μm, respectively (paired t-test p = 0.001 and 0.0003). VA remained stable. The laser was invisible (OCT, AF, Fundoscopy) in 91,3% (21/23) of eyes.
CONCLUSIONS: A fovea-sparing yellow subthreshold laser was safe and effective for treating CI-DME patients with good VA in this case series. This technique is of interest to prevent the progression of mild edema and might avoid or reduce the use of more invasive and expensive therapies. Excluding the fovea from the treated area does not seem to affect the results, which is of interest to novel laser practitioners.

BACKGROUND: Yellow-feathered chickens (YFCs) have a long history in China. They are well-known for the nutritional and commercial importance attributable to their yellow color phenotype. Currently, there is a huge paucity in knowledge of the genetic determinants responsible for phenotypic and biochemical properties of these iconic chickens. This study aimed to uncover the genetic structure and the molecular underpinnings of the YFCs trademark coloration.
RESULTS: The whole-genomes of 100 YFCs from 10 major traditional breeds and 10 Huaibei partridge chickens from China were re-sequenced. Comparative population genomics based on autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) revealed three geographically based clusters among the YFCs. Compared to other Chinese indigenous chicken genomes incorporated from previous studies, a closer genetic proximity within YFC breeds than between YFC breeds and other chicken populations is evident. Through genome-wide scans for selective sweeps, we identified RALY heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (RALY), leucine rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR4), solute carrier family 23 member 2 (SLC23A2), and solute carrier family 2 member 14 (SLC2A14), besides the classical beta-carotene dioxygenase 2 (BCDO2), as major candidates pigment determining genes in the YFCs.
CONCLUSIONS: We provide the first comprehensive genomic data of the YFCs. Our analyses show phylogeographical patterns among the YFCs and potential candidate genes giving rise to the yellow color trait of the YFCs. This study lays the foundation for further research on the genome-phenotype cross-talks that define important poultry traits and for formulating genetic breeding and conservation strategies for the YFCs.

A new study upturns the long-held belief that the yellow gene determines sex-specific behaviors in fruit flies by acting in the brain.