UNASSIGNED: To translate and validate an Italian version of the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (IT-QOD).
UNASSIGNED: This is a prospective, multicentre study that involved patients with olfactory dysfunction (OD). Both cases and controls underwent administration of the IT-QOD, Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22) and psychophysical evaluation of orthonasal and retronasal olfactory function.
UNASSIGNED: The IT-QOD was administered to 96 patients and 38 controls. The Cronbach\'s alpha exceeded 0.90, indicating satisfactory internal consistency. The test-retest reliability was found to be high for both parosmia (rs = 0.944) and life quality (rs = 0.969). Patients with OD had significantly higher IT-QOD scores compared to healthy individuals (p < 0.001), indicating strong internal validity. The external validity was also satisfactory, as shown by the significant correlation with SNOT-22 (rs = -0.54) and the threshold, discrimination, and identification score (rs = -0.63).
UNASSIGNED: The IT-QOD was demonstrated to be reliable and valid to assess the impact of OD on the quality of life of Italian-speaking patients.

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A high number of patients have one or more missing tooth and it is estimated that one in four American subjects over the age of 74 have lost all their natural teeth. Many options exist to replace missing teeth but dental implants have become one of the most used biomaterial to replace one (or more) missing tooth over the last decades. Contemporary dental implants made with titanium have been proven safe and effective in large series of patients. This review considers the main historical facts concerned with dental implants and present the different critical factors that will ensure a good osseo-integration that will ensure a stable prosthesis anchorage.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether distraction-induced regeneration (DR) can be optimized based on consecutive ultrasound findings during the course of compression-distraction osteosynthesis (CDO).
METHODS: Sixty-nine children ranging in age from 2 weeks to 15 years with congenital (37 patients) or acquired (32 patients) microgenia were treated with CDO. Radiological diagnostic studies included orthopantomography (OPG) and ultrasonography (US). The patients were divided into two groups: in group I a standard distraction rate (SDR) (1 mm/day) was used (33 patients, 47.8%); in group II (36 patients, 52.2%) individual distraction rates (IDR) were used based on US findings.
RESULTS: DR was classified as normotrophic, hypertrophic, or hypotrophic based on US findings. In group I, 11 (33.3%) of the patients presented normotrophic DR, 8 (24.2%) had hypertrophic DR, and in 14 (42.4%), the DR was hypotrophic. In group II, all patients presented normotrophic DR at the end of the treatment.
CONCLUSIONS: US offers a unique opportunity to study DR development, and the results can be used to actively manage and optimize the osteogenesis process during mandibular CDO in children.
Sommario OBIETTIVO: Valutazione delle possibilità di ottimizzazione di sviluppo del tessuto di rigenerazione per distrazione (DR) basata sui segni dell\'esame ecografico dinamico (USDE) nel corso dell\'osteosintesi mediante compressione–trazione (CDO). MATERIALI E METODI: Sessantanove bambini, di età compresa tra 2 settimane e 15 anni, affetti da microgenia (ipoplasia) congenita (37 pazienti) o acquisita (32 pazienti) sono stati trattati chirurgicamente con ostesintesi mediante compressione–distrazione (CDO). La diagnostica per immagini comprendeva l\'ortopantomografia (OPG) e l\'ecografia (US). I pazienti sono stati suddivisi in due gruppi: gruppo I – con rapporto di distrazione standard (SDR) pari a 1 mm/g –33 pazienti (47,8%); gruppo II – con rapporto di distrazione individuale (IDR) –36 pazienti (52,2%). RISULTATI: Sono stati rilevati e descritti i segni ecografici equivalenti al tessuto di rigenerazione per distrazione (DR), normotrofico, ipertrofico e ipotrofico. Nel gruppo I il DR normotrofico si è ottenuto in 11 pazienti (33,3%), ipertrofico –8 (24,2%), ipotrofico –14 (42,4%). Nel gruppo II in tutti i pazienti si è sviluppato il DR normotrofico. CONCLUSIONI: L\'esame ecografico dinamico USDE offre la possibilità di studiare lo sviluppo del DR; sulla base dei dati ecografici è possibile un trattamento attivo del processo di ostegenesi durante osteosintesi mediante compressione–distrazione (CDO) nei bambini.