■砷是一种天然存在的元素,由于其在环境中的广泛存在,对人类健康构成重大威胁,影响全世界数百万人。砷暴露的来源多种多样,源于采矿活动,制造工艺,和自然地质构造。砷表现为有机和无机形式,三价偏亚砷酸盐(As3)和五价砷酸盐(As5)是最常见的无机形式。三价态,特别是,由于其与含硫蛋白质的有效相互作用而具有毒理学意义。
■这篇综述的主要目的是巩固目前关于砷毒性的知识,解决它的来源,化学形态,以及它影响人类健康的不同途径。它还着重于砷毒性对各种器官和系统的影响,以及参与砷诱导发病的潜在分子和细胞机制。
■进行了系统的文献综述,涵盖环境科学等不同领域的研究,毒理学,和流行病学。像PubMed这样的关键数据库,Scopus,谷歌学者,和ScienceDirect使用预定标准进行搜索,以选择相关文章,专注于最近的研究和全面的评论,以揭示砷的毒理学表现,采用各种动物模型来辨别砷毒性的潜在机制。
■这篇综述概述了砷毒性的多方面,包括它与癌症等慢性疾病的关系,心血管疾病,和神经毒性。重点放在阐明氧化应激的作用,遗传毒性,和表观遗传修饰在砷诱导的细胞损伤中的作用。此外,讨论了砷对脆弱人群的影响和潜在的干预措施。
■砷毒性是一个复杂而普遍的公共卫生问题,具有深远的影响。了解砷发挥其毒性作用的不同途径对于制定有效的缓解策略和干预措施至关重要。需要进一步的研究来填补我们对砷毒性理解的空白,并为旨在尽量减少暴露的公共卫生政策提供信息。砷毒性是影响全球数百万人的关键公共卫生问题。砷毒性的可能来源包括采矿,制造工艺和自然地质来源。砷以有机和无机形式存在。三价偏亚砷酸盐(As3)和五价砷酸盐(As5)是砷的两种最常见的无机形式。三价氧化态由于其与含硫蛋白质相互作用的潜力而在毒理学上更有效。人类以多种方式接触砷,例如环境和食用含砷食物。饮用受砷污染的地下水是不可避免的中毒源,尤其是在印度,孟加拉国,中国,和一些中美洲和南美洲国家。对砷在不同动物模型中的毒理学表现进行了大量研究,以确定砷毒性的实际机制。因此,我们努力总结砷的毒理学,其对各种器官的病理生理影响及其分子作用机制。
UNASSIGNED: Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that poses a significant threat to human health due to its widespread presence in the environment, affecting millions worldwide. Sources of arsenic exposure are diverse, stemming from mining activities, manufacturing processes, and natural geological formations. Arsenic manifests in both organic and inorganic forms, with trivalent meta-arsenite (As3+) and pentavalent arsenate (As5+) being the most common inorganic forms. The trivalent state, in particular, holds toxicological significance due to its potent interactions with sulfur-containing proteins.
UNASSIGNED: The primary objective of this review is to consolidate current knowledge on arsenic toxicity, addressing its sources, chemical forms, and the diverse pathways through which it affects human health. It also focuses on the impact of arsenic toxicity on various organs and systems, as well as potential molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in arsenic-induced pathogenesis.
UNASSIGNED: A systematic literature review was conducted, encompassing studies from diverse fields such as environmental science, toxicology, and epidemiology. Key databases like PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Science Direct were searched using predetermined criteria to select relevant articles, with a focus on recent research and comprehensive reviews to unravel the toxicological manifestations of arsenic, employing various animal models to discern the underlying mechanisms of arsenic toxicity.
UNASSIGNED: The review outlines the multifaceted aspects of arsenic toxicity, including its association with chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurotoxicity. The emphasis is placed on elucidating the role of oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and epigenetic modifications in arsenic-induced cellular damage. Additionally, the impact of arsenic on vulnerable populations and potential interventions are discussed.
UNASSIGNED: Arsenic toxicity represents a complex and pervasive public health issue with far-reaching implications. Understanding the diverse pathways through which arsenic exerts its toxic effects is crucial to developing effective mitigation strategies and interventions. Further research is needed to fill gaps in our understanding of arsenic toxicity and to inform public health policies aimed at minimising exposure.Arsenic toxicity is a crucial public health problem influencing millions of people around the world. The possible sources of arsenic toxicity includes mining, manufacturing processes and natural geological sources. Arsenic exists in organic as well as in inorganic forms. Trivalent meta-arsenite (As3+) and pentavalent arsenate (As5+) are two most common inorganic forms of arsenic. Trivalent oxidation state is toxicologically more potent due to its potential to interact with sulfur containing proteins. Humans are exposed to arsenic in many ways such as environment and consumption of arsenic containing foods. Drinking of arsenic-contaminated groundwater is an unavoidable source of poisoning, especially in India, Bangladesh, China, and some Central and South American countries. Plenty of research has been carried out on toxicological manifestation of arsenic in different animal models to identify the actual mechanism of aresenic toxicity. Therefore, we have made an effort to summarize the toxicology of arsenic, its pathophysiological impacts on various organs and its molecular mechanism of action.