■为了最大程度地减少伤害,必须对小牛进行解角,因为密集的饲养环境使角牛更具攻击性。然而,急性疼痛通常被农场动物在经历痛苦的行为时感知到,例如去角,影响他们的健康状况和生活质量。通过量化与去角相关的疼痛和不适的程度,我们的目标是为更人性化和可持续的养牛业做出贡献。
■这项研究的目的是评估行为,生理,和使用两种方法对小牛急性解角疼痛的情绪影响:解角霜和解角热铁。选择了30只4天大的荷斯坦小牛进行研究。根据分离方法将这些小牛随机分配到两个实验组:脱角霜(n=15)和热铁脱角(n=15)。解角之前和之后,我们评估了他们的红外眼睛温度的生理指标,P物质的浓度,IL-6皮质醇,触珠蛋白,以及情绪状态,和疼痛相关的行为反应。
■后解禁,两组患者的卧床时间(DI和DC:0-4h)均显著缩短(p<0.05)。两组均表现出疼痛相关行为的频率增加,例如摇头(DI:1-7小时,直流:1-6小时),耳弹(DI:2-7小时,直流:2-7小时),头部刮伤(DI:2-3小时,直流:1-7小时),和顶部磨损(DI:2小时,DC:2-7小时)与预脱角相比(p<0.05)。DC组表现出更高的摇头频率,耳鸣,刮头,和顶部摩擦行为,随着较长的躺下时间(0-4小时),与DI组相比(p<0.05)。解角后,两组(6-8小时)的游戏行为均显著降低(p<0.05),而判断偏倚和恐惧水平无显著变化(p>0.05)。生理测量,包括眼睛温度,和血液中P物质和IL-6的水平,在去角化前后各组之间没有显着差异(p>0.05)。然而,解角后48小时,与DI组相比,DC组的小牛的触珠蛋白水平明显更高(p=0.015)。此外,去角化后3.5h和7h时,DC组唾液皮质醇水平显着增加(p=0.018,p=0.043)。
■热铁和奶油脱角都会引起小牛疼痛,疼痛相关行为的增加证明了这一点,唾液皮质醇升高,和更高的触珠蛋白水平,同时减少了积极的行为。值得注意的是,这些效应在DC组比DI组更明显,这表明对小牛来说,脱角热铁可能是一种压力相对较小的脱角方法。此外,在这项研究中,在13日龄的小牛中观察到的疼痛反应持续时间短,并且对解角反应较弱,这表明在较年轻的年龄进行解角可能更可取,值得进一步研究.
UNASSIGNED: Dehorning calves is necessary to minimize injury because intensive raising circumstances make horned cows more aggressive. However, acute pain is commonly perceived by farm animals when undergoing painful practices such as dehorning, affecting their health status and quality of life. By quantifying the magnitude of pain and discomfort associated with dehorning, we aim to contribute to a more humane and sustainable cattle farming industry.
UNASSIGNED: The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavioral, physiological, and emotional effects of acute dehorning pain in calves using two methods: dehorning cream and dehorning hot-iron.30 Holstein calves aged 4 days were selected for the study. These calves were randomly assigned to two experimental groups based on the method of disbudding: dehorning cream (n = 15) and hot-iron dehorning (n = 15). Before and after dehorning, we evaluated their physiological indicators of infrared eye temperature, concentrations of substance P, IL-6, cortisol, haptoglobin, as well as emotional state, and pain-related behavioral reactions.
UNASSIGNED: Post-dehorning, the duration of lying down decreased significantly in both groups (DI and DC: 0-4 h) after dehorning (p < 0.05). Both groups exhibited increased frequencies of pain-related behaviors such as head shaking (DI: 1-7 h, DC: 1-6 h), ear flicking (DI: 2-7 h, DC: 2-7 h), head scratching (DI: 2-3 h, DC: 1-7 h), and top scuffing (DI: 2 h, DC: 2-7 h) compared to pre-dehorning (p < 0.05). The DC group demonstrated a higher frequency of head-shaking, ear-flicking, head-scratching, and top-rubbing behaviors, along with a longer duration of lying down (0-4 h), compared to the DI group (p < 0.05). Post-dehorning, play behavior reduced significantly in both groups (6-8 h) (p < 0.05), whereas judgment bias and fear levels showed no significant change (p > 0.05). Physiological measures including eye temperature, and blood levels of substance P and IL-6, did not differ significantly between the groups before and after dehorning (p > 0.05). However, 48 h after dehorning, calves in the DC group had significantly higher haptoglobin levels compared to the DI group (p = 0.015). Additionally, salivary cortisol levels in the DC group increased significantly at 3.5 h and 7 h post-dehorning (p = 0.018, p = 0.043).
UNASSIGNED: Both hot-iron and cream dehorning induced pain in calves, as evidenced by increased pain-related behaviors, elevated salivary cortisol, and higher haptoglobin levels, alongside reduced positive behaviors. Notably, these effects were more pronounced in the DC group than in the DI group, suggesting that dehorning hot-iron may be a comparatively less stressful dehorning method for young calves. Moreover, the brief duration of pain response and weaker response to dehorning observed in 13-day-age calves in this study suggests that dehorning at younger ages may be more advisable and warrants further research.