BACKGROUND: Most myelomeningocele (MMC) cases present with ventriculomegaly or hydrocephalus, yet a comprehensive volumetric assessment of MMC intracranial structures is lacking. This study aimed to provide baseline data on intracranial structural volumes immediately after birth in MMC infants who underwent repair surgeries after birth (postnatal repair).
METHODS: In this retrospective single-center study, we analyzed 52 MMC infants undergoing postnatal repair, utilizing head computed tomography scans at birth for volumetric assessment. Intracranial volume (ICV), lateral ventricles volume (LVV), choroid plexus volume (CPV), and posterior cranial fossa volume (PCFV) were measured. Hydrocephalus was classified into no hydrocephalus, progressive hydrocephalus, and hydrocephalus at birth. Comparative analysis employed the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis discriminated cases with and without ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS).
RESULTS: The median values were 407.50 mL for ICV, 33.18 mL for LVV, 0.67 mL for CPV, and 21.35 mL for PCFV. Thirty-seven cases (71.15%) underwent VPS. ROC analysis revealed an LVV cut-off value of 6.74 mL for discriminating cases with and without VPS. Progressive hydrocephalus showed no significant difference in ICV but significantly larger LVV compared to no hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus at birth demonstrated statistically larger ICV and LVV compared to the other two types.
CONCLUSIONS: Baseline volumetric data were provided, and volumetric analysis exhibited statistical differences among three hydrocephalus types. These findings enhance our understanding of intracranial volumetric changes in MMC, facilitating more objective assessments of MMC cases.

OBJECTIVE: The diagnosis of progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease (PF-ILD) using computed tomography (CT) is an important medical practice in respiratory care, and most imaging findings for this disease have been obtained with inspiratory CT. It is possible that some characteristic changes in respiration may be seen in normal and diseased lung in PF-ILD, which may lead to a new understanding of the pathogenesis of interstitial pneumonia, but it has never been examined. In this study, we collected and selected inspiratory and expiratory CT scans performed in pure PF-ILD cases, and evaluated the volumes of diseased and normal lung separately by manual detection and 3-dimensional volumetry to characterize the dynamic features of PF-ILD.
METHODS: Cases were collected retrospectively from a total of 753 inspiratory and expiratory CT scans performed at our hospital over a 3-year period. Sixteen cases of pure PF-ILD, excluding almost all other diseases, were included. We measured their diseased, normal, and the whole lung volumes manually and evaluated the correlation of their values and their relationship with respiratory function tests (FVC, FVC%-predicted, and DLCO%-predicted).
RESULTS: The relative expansion rate of the diseased lung is no less than that of the normal lung. The \"Expansion volume of total lung\" divided by the \"Expansion volume of normal lung\" was found to be significantly associated with DLCO%-predicted abnormalities (p = 0.0073).
CONCLUSIONS: The diseased lung in PF-ILD retained expansion capacity comparable to the normal lung, suggesting a negative impact on respiratory function.

Pelvic ring injuries are uncommon but serious injuries. Percutaneous sacro-iliac screw fixation (SSF) is the standard treatment for posterior stabilization of pelvic fractures. Compression forces of the SSF might cause deformity of the sacrum and the pelvic ring. The aim of this radio-volumetric study is to evaluate the morphometry of the sacrum and pelvic ring in SSF for posterior pelvic fractures. (1) Methods: We conducted a radio-volumetric study measuring the bony sacral volume before and after SSF for a pelvic fracture based on a three-dimensional reconstruction of the pre- and postoperative computed tomography scan of 19 patients with a C-type pelvic fracture. In addition to the bony sacral volume, we assessed the pelvic deformity and the load bearing axis. We compared the results of patients without anterior stabilization (Group A) to patients who had additional ORIF of the anterior pelvic ring. (2) Results: Median age of the patients was 41.2 years (±17.8). All patients received percutaneous SSF with partially threaded 7.3 mm screws. The sacral volume decreased from 202.9 to 194.3 cm3 in group A (non-operative treatment anterior, n = 10) and an increase of sacral volume from 229.8 to 250.4 cm3 in group B (anterior ORIF; n = 9). Evaluation of the pelvic deformity also reflected this trend by a decrease of the ipsilateral load-bearing angle in group A (37.0° to 36.4°) and an increase of this angle in group B (36.3 to 39.9°). (3) Conclusions: Bony sacral volume and pelvic deformity after sacro-iliac screw fixation in pelvic fractures depend on treatment of the anterior pelvic ring. Reduction and fixation of the anterior fracture shows an increase of the bony sacral volume and the load bearing angle leading to a closer to normal reconstruction of the pelvic anatomy.

OBJECTIVE: The Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology Brain Metastases (RANO-BM) working group proposed a guide for treatment responses for BMs by utilizing the longest diameter; however, despite recognizing that many patients with BMs have sub-centimeter lesions, the group referred to these lesions as unmeasurable due to issues with repeatability and interpretation. In light of RANO-BM recommendations, we aimed to correlate linear and volumetric measurements in sub-centimeter BMs on contrast-enhanced MRI using intelligent automation software.
METHODS: In this retrospective study, patients with BMs scanned with MRI between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2021, were screened. Inclusion criteria were: (1) at least one sub-centimeter BM with an integer millimeter-longest diameter was noted in the MRI report; (2) patients were a minimum of 18 years of age; (3) patients with available pre-treatment three-dimensional T1-weighted spoiled gradient-echo MRI scan. The screening was terminated when there were 20 lesions in each group. Lesion volumes were measured with the help of intelligent automation software Jazz (AI Medical, Zollikon, Switzerland) by two readers. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare volumetric differences.
RESULTS: Our study included 180 patients. The agreement for volumetric measurements was excellent between the two readers. The volumes of the following groups were not significantly different: 1-2 mm, 1-3 mm, 1-4 mm, 2-3 mm, 2-4 mm, 3-4 mm, 3-5 mm, 4-5 mm, 5-6 mm, 5-7 mm, 6-7 mm, 6-8 mm, 6-9 mm, 7-8 mm, 7-9 mm, 8-9 mm.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that the largest diameter of a lesion may not accurately represent its volume. Additional research is required to determine which method is superior for measuring radiologic response to therapy and which parameter correlates best with clinical improvement or deterioration.

UNASSIGNED: To develop a method to determine the volume of peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid masslike structures (PHOMS) and to examine the correlation between PHOMS and anatomic optic nerve head characteristics in a large cohort of patients with optic disc drusen (ODD).
UNASSIGNED: Retrospective, observational study of patients with ODD.
UNASSIGNED: Patients with ODD seen in a 3-year period.
UNASSIGNED: We determined the prevalence of PHOMS. We then developed a method to calculate the volume of PHOMS and measured this in all patients where radial scans on OCT were available. We analyzed the correlation between PHOMS volume and patient age, size of Bruch\'s membrane opening (BMO), ODD visibility, and anatomic location of ODD in the optic nerve.
UNASSIGNED: Prevalence and characteristics of PHOMS in patients with ODD.
UNASSIGNED: In 247 (77%) eyes with ODD, PHOMS were found. Among these, 80% were in the first decade of life, 87% were in the second decade, 89% were in the third decade, 85% were in the fourth decade, 74% were in the fifth decade, 73% were in the sixth decade, 58% were in the seventh decade, 40% were in the eighth decade, and 0% were in the ninth decade. The ophthalmoscopic visibility of ODD increased with age. The volume of PHOMS decreased with age, but with no correlation to the size of BMO. The median volume of PHOMS was 0.27 mm3 (interquartile range [IQR], 0.13-0.49 mm3). Predominantly, PHOMS were observed in the nasal peripapillary area (87.5% nasal, 78.5% superior, 67% inferior, and 63.5% temporal).
UNASSIGNED: In patients with ODD, PHOMS are seen frequently, with the highest prevalence in younger individuals. The volume of PHOMS decreases with age, and PHOMS are seen more frequently in patients with superficial ODD.

UNASSIGNED: In clinical work, accurately measuring the volume and the size of breast cancer is significant to develop a treatment plan. However, it is time-consuming, and inter- and intra-observer variations among radiologists exist. The purpose of this study was to assess the performance of a Res-UNet convolutional neural network based on automatic segmentation for size and volumetric measurement of mass enhancement breast cancer on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
UNASSIGNED: A total of 1,000 female breast cancer patients who underwent preoperative 1.5-T dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI prior to treatment were selected from January 2015 to October 2021 and randomly divided into a training cohort (n = 800) and a testing cohort (n = 200). Compared with the masks named ground truth delineated manually by radiologists, the model performance on segmentation was evaluated with dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The performance of tumor (T) stage classification was evaluated with accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity.
UNASSIGNED: In the test cohort, the DSC of automatic segmentation reached 0.89. Excellent concordance (ICC > 0.95) of the maximal and minimal diameter and good concordance (ICC > 0.80) of volumetric measurement were shown between the model and the radiologists. The trained model took approximately 10-15 s to provide automatic segmentation and classified the T stage with an overall accuracy of 0.93, sensitivity of 0.94, 0.94, and 0.75, and specificity of 0.95, 0.92, and 0.99, respectively, in T1, T2, and T3.
UNASSIGNED: Our model demonstrated good performance and reliability for automatic segmentation for size and volumetric measurement of breast cancer, which can be time-saving and effective in clinical decision-making.

Purpose: To evaluate the precision of individual and combined macula and optic disc volumetric analysis, and the agreement between these two scan modes with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: Macular and optic disc volumetric measurements were performed with individual and combined scan protocols in one eye of 75 healthy subjects. Three repeated measurements were performed with each protocol. From the macular area, retinal thickness in nine different sectors and ganglion cell complex thickness in eight different sectors were analyzed from both scan modes. From the optic disc area, the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness in 12 clock sectors and the optic disc parameters were evaluated. For all the parameters, repeatability limit and agreement analysis were performed. Results: For the retinal thickness measurements in macula, the combined scan had two to three times larger repeatability limit than the individual scan for all the sectors except the central sector, where the repeatability limit was five times larger. The limits of agreement intervals were lower than 20 μm for all sectors, except the central. The ganglion cell complex measurements also had larger repeatability limits for the combined scans, and the limits of agreement intervals were <10 μm for all sectors. For the pRNFL thickness, the repeatability values were distributed like a vertically elongated ellipse for both scans, but still the repeatability was better for individual scan compared to the combined scan. The shortest and widest interval are obtained for sectors 9 (9 μm) and 12 (40 μm), respectively. The repeatability limit was <0.15 units for all disc parameters with both scan modes. Conclusion: The individual macula and optic disc scans had better repeatability than the combined scan mode, and the two scan modes cannot be used interchangeability due to the wide limits of agreement.

UNASSIGNED: Target lesion selection is known to be a major factor for inter-reader discordance in RECIST 1.1. The purpose of this study was to assess whether volumetric measurements of target lesions result in different response categorization, as opposed to standard unidimensional measurements, and to evaluate the impact on inter-reader agreement for response categorization when different readers select different sets of target lesions.
UNASSIGNED: Fifty patients with measurable disease from solid tumours, in which 3 readers had blindly and independently selected different sets of target lesions and subsequently reached clinically significant discordant response categorizations (progressive disease [PD] vs. non-progressive disease [non-PD]) based on RECIST 1.1 analyses were included in this study. Additional volumetric measurements of all target lesions were performed by the same readers in a second read. Intra-reader agreement between standard unidimensional measurements (uRECIST) and volumetric measurements (vRECIST) was assessed using Cohen\'s k statistics. Fleiss k statistics was used to analyse the inter-reader agreement for uRECIST and vRECIST results.
UNASSIGNED: The 3 readers assigned the same response classifications based on uRECIST and vRECIST in 33/50 (66%), 42/50 patients (84%), and 44/50 patients (88%), respectively. Inter-reader agreement improved from 0% when using uRECIST to 36% when using vRECIST.
UNASSIGNED: Volumetric measurement of target lesions may improve inter-reader variability for response assessment as opposed to standard unidimensional measurements. However, in about two-thirds of patients, readers disagreed regardless of the measurement method, indicating that a limited set of target lesions may not be sufficiently representative of the whole-body tumour burden.

UNASSIGNED: The presence of endolymphatic hydrops (ELH) in patients with Meniere\'s disease (MD) is considered a pathological hallmark.
UNASSIGNED: We aimed to conduct a quantitative volumetric measurement of inner ear ELH in patients with unilateral MD (uMD). The values of uMD with and without herniation into the posterior semi-circular canal (h-PSC) and the lateral semi-circular canal (h-LSC) were compared using 3 D magnetic resonance imaging.
UNASSIGNED: This study included 130 individuals (47 controls and 83 patients with uMD). We measured the total fluid space (TFS) and endolymphatic space (ELS) volumes. We also evaluated the ELS/TFS volume ratios (%).
UNASSIGNED: The ELS/TFS volume ratios in the inner ear, cochlea, and vestibule were significantly different between the affected and contralateral sides in patients with h-PSC. Moreover, the ELS/TFS volume ratios of the inner ear, vestibule, and semi-circular canals in the affected ear were significantly higher in patients with h-PSC than in those without h-PSC. The vestibular ELS/TFS volume ratio in the affected ear was significantly higher in patients with h-LSC than in those without h-LSC.
UNASSIGNED: H-LSC is present in extended vestibular ELH. However, this is a result of ELH progression in the inner ear.

OBJECTIVE: Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) is an established treatment option to remove tissue fluid from patients with lymphedema and chronic venous disease. The effects of IPC applied directly after varicose vein surgery performed with high volumes of tumescent local anesthesia have not been investigated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of postoperative IPC concerning its effects on the leg volume and patient comfort after surgery.
METHODS: We performed an investigator-initiated, single-center, open-label randomized controlled trial. A total of 186 patients indicated for saphenofemoral junction ligation and great saphenous vein or anterior accessory saphenous vein stripping or great saphenous vein redo surgery were randomly assigned 1:1 to the intervention or control group. The patients in the intervention group were treated with IPC at 40 mm Hg for 45 minutes directly after surgery. The outcome measures were the leg volume changes calculated using an optical three-dimensional scanning system (primary objective), quality of life (QoL; Freiburg Life Quality Assessment for chronic venous disease, short form), pain, and extent of ecchymosis with follow-up examinations on days 1 and 7 after surgery.
RESULTS: The patients in both groups had comparable mean leg volume reductions from baseline to day 1 (IPC group, 58.8 mL; control group, 37.4 mL; P = .967) and to day 7 (63.1 mL and 57.0 mL, respectively; P = .546). We also did not observe significant differences between the two groups in QoL and pain. The patients in the IPC group had developed larger areas of ecchymosis compared with the control group (16% vs 13.3% of leg surface, respectively; P = .046), with a tendency toward an increase in pain at 7 days after surgery compared with no IPC application.
CONCLUSIONS: The present randomized controlled trial was designed to evaluate the decongestive effects of a single postoperative session of IPC and its effect on QoL, pain, and ecchymosis in patients who had undergone varicose vein surgery under tumescent local anesthesia. Because no evidence for a benefit from IPC could be found in the present study and increased ecchymosis was found, its standard use after varicose vein surgery cannot be recommended.