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UNASSIGNED: While most Helicobacter pylori-infected individuals remain asymptomatic throughout their lifetime, in a significant proportion, the resulting severe chronic gastritis drives the development of gastric cancer. In this study, we examine a new therapeutic target, a host potassium channel regulatory subunit, SUR2 (encoded by ABCC9), with potential to protect against H pylori-associated diseases.
UNASSIGNED: SUR2 gene (ABCC9) expression in human gastric biopsies was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reactions. Helicobacter-infected mice were administered the SUR2-channel agonists, pinacidil and nicorandil, then gastric tissues analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and splenic tissues by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In vitro studies were performed on human and mouse macrophages, human gastric epithelial cells and mouse splenocytes.
UNASSIGNED: ABCC9 expression in human and mouse stomachs is downregulated with H pylori infection. Treatment of Helicobacter-infected mice with SUR2 channel modulators, pinacidil or nicorandil, significantly reduced gastritis severity. In gastric epithelial cells, nicorandil-induced opening of the SUR2 channel increased intracellular K+ and prevented H pylori-mediated Ca2+ influx and downstream pro-inflammatory signaling.
UNASSIGNED: SUR2 is a novel host factor that regulates Helicobacter pathogenesis. Pharmacological targeting of SUR2 provides a potential approach for reducing the severity of H pylori-associated gastritis, without eradicating infection.

Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) is a condition in the brain that is marked by a gradual and ongoing reduction in memory, thought, and the ability to perform simple tasks. AD has a poor prognosis but no cure yet. Therefore, the need for novel models to study its pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies is evident, as the brain poorly recovers after injury and neurodegenerative diseases and can neither replace dead neurons nor reinnervate target structures. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), particularly those from the human olfactory mucous membrane referred to as the olfactory ecto-MSCs (OE-MSCs), have emerged as a potential avenue to explore in modeling AD and developing therapeutics for the disease due to their lifelong regeneration potency and facile accessibility. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current literature on isolating OE-MSCs and delves into whether they could be reliable models for studying AD pathogenesis. It also explores whether healthy individual-derived OE-MSCs could be therapeutic agents for the disease. Despite being a promising tool in modeling and developing therapies for AD, some significant issues remain, which are also discussed in the review.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and progressive autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), with both genetic and environmental factors contributing to the pathobiology of the disease. While human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes have emerged as the strongest genetic factor, consensus on environmental risk factors are lacking. Recently, trillions of microbes residing in our gut (microbiome) have emerged as a potential environmental factor linked with the pathobiology of MS as PwMS show gut microbial dysbiosis (altered gut microbiome). Thus, there has been a strong emphasis on understanding the factors (host and environmental) regulating the composition of the gut microbiota and the mechanism(s) through which gut microbes contribute to MS disease, especially through immune system modulation. A better understanding of these interactions will help harness the enormous potential of the gut microbiota as a therapeutic approach to treating MS.

Research into the anticancer activity of quantum-sized carbon dots (CDs) has emerged as a promising avenue in cancer research. This CDs delves into the opportunities and challenges associated with harnessing the potential of these nanostructures for combating cancer. Quantum-sized carbon dots, owing to their unique physicochemical properties, exhibit distinct advantages as potential therapeutic agents. Opportunities lie in their tunable size, surface functionalization capabilities, and biocompatibility, enabling targeted drug delivery and imaging in cancer cells. However, we include challenges, a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms, potential toxicity concerns, and the optimization of synthesis methods for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. A succinct summary of the state of the research in this area is given in this review, emphasizing the exciting possibilities and ongoing challenges in utilizing quantum-sized carbon dots as a novel strategy for cancer treatment.

Doum palm and turmeric are traditional medicinal plants with a rich history of use. This study investigated the phytochemical composition, proximate analysis, and GC-MS characterization of doum palm and turmeric blends at different ratios (100%, 80:20%, 60:40%, and 50:50%) using ethanol and warm-water extracts. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, and phenols, in the blends at ratios of 80:20%, 60:40%, and 50:50%. Alkaloids were absent in the 100% doum palm sample. Proximate analysis showed significant variations in moisture, ash, fat, and protein content among the samples. GC-MS characterization identified at most 30 phytochemical compounds in sample A and more additional 9 bioactive compounds in samples B, C and D, including two new compounds, eucalyptol and carotol, found in the doum palm-turmeric blends. These compounds have been known to possess various antioxidant and therapeutic potential. The findings suggest that doum palm and turmeric blends have improved potential health benefits due to their high content of phytochemical compounds and balanced proximate composition. Further research is warranted to determine the most effective doum palm to turmeric ratio (Optimal Blending Ratios) for specific health applications. This includes identifying the blend ratios that maximize the therapeutic benefits for particular conditions or diseases.

Exosomes (EXOs) are a subgroup of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contain numerous biologically active molecules. They exhibit an essential mode of cell communication, primarily between distinct cell populations, for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and coordination of adaptive responses to various stresses. These intercellular communications are vital for the complex, multicellular cardiovascular system. In the last ten years, their potential role as effective tissue-to-tissue communicators has received increasing attention in cardiovascular physiology and pathology. There is growing evidence that repair of the heart and regeneration can be promoted by EXOs derived from cardiomyocytes or stem/progenitor cells. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. EVs derived from different stem/progenitor cell populations have been used as cell-free therapies in different preclinical models involving cardiovascular diseases and have shown promising results. In this review, we have summarized the recent developments in EXOs research, the impact of EXOs derived from different cells on the cardiovascular system, their potential therapeutic roles as well as new diagnostic biomarkers, and the possible clinical translational outcomes.

UNASSIGNED: Anti-Xa serves as a clinical surrogate for assessing the efficacy and bleeding risk in patients treated with enoxaparin for thromboembolic events. Evidence from the literature and empirical observations suggest that patients are underdosed in clinical practice to avoid bleeding complications. This study aimed to investigate such underdosing of enoxaparin and its potential impact on achieving therapeutic anti-Xa levels.
UNASSIGNED: This multicentric, retrospective, observational study included patients with acute ischemic stroke due to atrial fibrillation. All patients received enoxaparin in the therapeutic setting with subsequent anti-Xa measurements. The one-sample, one-tailed Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to identify a significant difference between the doses administered and the recommended daily dose. Logistic regression model analysis was performed to identify additional predictors affecting achievement of the therapeutic anti-Xa target range. Stepwise forward-backward selection with Akaike\'s information criterion as metric was applied to refine the logistic regression model.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 145 patients from the university hospitals of St. Pölten and Tulln in Lower Austria were included. The median daily enoxaparin dose administered was 1.23 mg/kg, resulting in an overall target range achievement rate of 66%. As compared to recommended therapeutic doses, significant underdosing of enoxaparin was evident in both participating centers (p < 0.001). The calculated threshold dose to achieve the therapeutic target range with a 90% probability was 1.5 mg/kg enoxaparin daily. Female sex was found to be a strong independent predictor of achieving a therapeutic target range (OR 9.44; 95% CI 3.40-30.05, p < 0.001).
UNASSIGNED: Despite the underdosing observed in both centers, therapeutic anti-Xa levels were achieved with lower than recommended doses of enoxaparin, and women required even lower doses than men. These findings warrant further confirmation by prospective studies.

Fucoxanthin, a carotenoid widely studied in marine microalgae, is at the heart of scientific research because of its promising bioactive properties for human health. Its unique chemical structure and specific biosynthesis, characterized by complex enzymatic conversion in marine organisms, have been examined in depth in this review. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities of fucoxanthin have been rigorously supported by data from in vitro and in vivo experiments and early clinical trials. Additionally, this review explores emerging strategies to optimize the stability and efficacy of fucoxanthin, aiming to increase its solubility and bioavailability to enhance its therapeutic applications. However, despite these potential benefits, challenges persist, such as limited bioavailability and technological obstacles hindering its large-scale production. The medical exploitation of fucoxanthin thus requires an innovative approach and continuous optimization to overcome these barriers. Although further research is needed to refine its clinical use, fucoxanthin offers promising potential in the development of natural therapies aimed at improving human health. By integrating knowledge about its biosynthesis, mechanisms of action, and potential beneficial effects, future studies could open new perspectives in the treatment of cancer and other chronic diseases.

Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a cardiac disorder characterized by prolonged repolarization of the heart\'s electrical cycle, which can be observed as an extended QT interval on an electrocardiogram (ECG). The safe and effective management of LQTS often necessitates a multifaceted approach encompassing pharmacological treatment, lifestyle modifications, and, in high-risk cases, the implantation of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). Beta-blockers, particularly nadolol and propranolol, are foundational in treating LQTS, especially for high-risk patients, though ICDs are recommended for those with a history of cardiac arrest or recurrent arrhythmic episodes. Intermediate and low-risk patients are usually managed with medical therapy and regular monitoring. Lifestyle modifications, such as avoiding strenuous physical activities and certain medications, play a critical role. Additionally, psychological support is essential due to the anxiety and depression associated with LQTS. Left cardiac sympathetic denervation (LCSD) offers an alternative for those intolerant to beta-blockers or ICDs. For diagnosis and management, advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) are proving beneficial, enhancing early detection and risk stratification. Despite these developments, significant gaps in understanding the pathophysiology and optimal management strategies for LQTS remain. Future research should focus on refining risk stratification, developing new therapeutic approaches, and generating robust data to guide treatment decisions, ultimately aiming for a personalized medicine approach.