Taiwanese

台湾人
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    目的:细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶4/6抑制剂(CDK4/6i)联合内分泌治疗在无进展生存期和总生存期方面具有显著的临床获益。这项研究调查了激素受体(HR)阳性转移性和复发性乳腺癌患者中与两种CDK4/6i相关的结果,以告知治疗策略的现实证据。
    方法:这项回顾性研究纳入了台北市荣民总医院340例HR阳性晚期乳腺癌台湾患者,2018年至2023年。我们分析了病人的特点,与两个CDK4/6i相关的治疗策略和结果。还调查了在国家健康保险(NHI)报销2年后经历经济负担并中断CDK4/6i治疗的患者的疗效。
    结果:接受瑞博西尼和帕博西尼治疗的患者在年龄上没有显著差异,组织学,体重指数(BMI),或病理状态。两组之间的疾病状态和内分泌治疗伙伴的分布具有可比性。剂量减少是相似的,而palbociclib患者倾向于停止使用CDK4/6i,和那些与ribociclib倾向于切换到其他CDK4/6i或内分泌伴侣。在一线设置中,两个CDK4/6i之间的无进展生存期(PFS)没有显着差异。不良预后因素是HER2IHC评分增加,更高的Ki-67水平,内脏和肝转移,先前的化疗,和内分泌治疗抵抗,虽然BMI较高,仅骨转移,来曲唑治疗与较低的进展风险相关.根据NHI报销政策,我们研究中有限的随访时间不足以评估中断CDK4/6i治疗长达两年的患者的预后。
    结论:两种CDK4/6i的治疗结果没有显著差异,表明CDK4/6i对亚洲人群的安全性和有效性。在现实世界中,Ribociclib和palbociclib在PFS中显示出相似的功效。
    OBJECTIVE: Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) combined with endocrine therapy have demonstrated significant clinical benefits in progression-free and overall survival. This study investigates the outcomes associated with two kinds of CDK4/6i in patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive metastatic and relapsed breast cancer to inform real-world evidence of treatment strategies.
    METHODS: This retrospective study included 340 Taiwanese patients with HR-positive advanced breast cancer from the Taipei Veterans General Hospital, between 2018 and 2023. We analyzed patient characteristics, treatment strategies and outcomes associated with two CDK4/6i. The efficacy of patients who experienced economic burden and interrupted CDK4/6i treatment after 2 years of National Health Insurance (NHI) reimbursement was also investigated.
    RESULTS: Patients receiving ribociclib and palbociclib showed no significant differences in age, histology, body mass index(BMI), or pathologic status. The distribution of disease status and endocrine therapy partners was comparable between the two groups. Dose reduction was similar, while patients with palbociclib tended to discontinue CDK4/6i usage, and those with ribociclib tended to switch to the other CDK4/6i or endocrine partners. There was no significant difference in progression-free survival (PFS) between the two CDK4/6i in the first-line setting. Adverse prognostic factors were increasing HER2 IHC score, higher Ki-67 levels, visceral and liver metastasis, prior chemotherapy, and endocrine therapy resistance, while higher BMI, bone-only metastasis, and letrozole treatment were associated with a lower risk of progression. The limited follow-up time in our study was insufficient to assess the outcomes of patients treated with interrupted CDK4/6i for up to two years under the NHI reimbursement policy.
    CONCLUSIONS: Treatment outcomes between the two types of CDK4/6i did not differ significantly, indicating the safety and efficacy of CDK4/6i for the Asian population. Ribociclib and palbociclib showed similar efficacy in PFS in the real-world setting.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    自从双酚A(BPA)的使用受到限制以来,人们对其替代品的使用提出了关切,例如双酚S(BPS)和双酚F(BPF)。同时,欧盟欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)在最新的BPA风险评估后发布了新的可容忍每日摄入量(TDI),这就强制要求对人群进行累积风险评估。进行这项研究是为了确定台湾普通人群的BPA及其替代品的暴露特征,并估计双酚暴露的累积风险。
    尿样(N=366[成人,271;未成年人,95])是从参加2013年台湾有毒物质环境调查的个人那里收集的。分析样品中的BPA,BPS,和BPF通过超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法。计算每种双酚的每日摄入量(DI)水平。考虑到可耐受的DI和参考剂量,计算了危险商(HQs)。此外,计算危害指数(HI;每种双酚的HQs总和)值。
    我们的研究发现,成人的BPA中位数水平(9.63μg/g肌酐)明显高于未成年人(6.63μg/g肌酐)(p<0.001)。女性的BPSDI(0.69ng/kg/天)高于男性(0.49ng/kg/天);但是,男孩的BPF和BPS的DIs较高(1.15和0.26ng/kg/天,分别)比女孩(0.57和0.20ng/kg/天,分别)。EFSA重新建立BPA的TDI后,大多数HI值超过1(99%的参与者)。
    我们的研究表明,台湾的BPA及其替代品的暴露情况和风险因年龄和性别而异。此外,根据EFSA的新规定,在台湾,BPA的暴露风险被认为是不可接受的,和食物污染可能是暴露的来源。我们建议,在大多数人类生物监测研究中,应根据新的科学证据重新评估暴露于BPA及其替代品的风险。
    UNASSIGNED: Ever since the use of bisphenol A (BPA) has been restricted, concerns have been raised regarding the use of its substitutes, such as bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF). Meanwhile, the EU European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) issued the new tolerable daily intake (TDI) after the latest re-risk assessment for BPA, which enforced the need for cumulative risk assessment in the population. This study was conducted to identify BPA and its substitute\'s exposure characteristics of the general Taiwanese population and estimate the cumulative risk of bisphenol exposure.
    UNASSIGNED: Urine samples (N = 366 [adult, 271; minor, 95]) were collected from individuals who participated in the Taiwan Environmental Survey for Toxicants 2013. The samples were analyzed for BPA, BPS, and BPF through ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Daily intake (DI) levels were calculated for each bisphenol. Hazard quotients (HQs) were calculated with the consideration of tolerable DI and a reference dose. Additionally, hazard index (HI; sum of HQs for each bisphenol) values were calculated.
    UNASSIGNED: Our study found that the median level of BPA was significantly higher in adults (9.63 μg/g creatinine) than in minors (6.63 μg/g creatinine) (p < 0.001). The DI of BPS was higher in female (0.69 ng/kg/day) than in male (0.49 ng/kg/day); however, the DIs of BPF and BPS were higher in boys (1.15 and 0.26 ng/kg/day, respectively) than in girls (0.57 and 0.20 ng/kg/day, respectively). Most HI values exceeded 1 (99% of the participants) after EFSA re-establish the TDI of BPA.
    UNASSIGNED: Our study revealed that the exposure profiles and risk of BPA and its substitute in Taiwanese varied by age and sex. Additionally, the exposure risk of BPA was deemed unacceptable in Taiwan according to new EFSA regulations, and food contamination could be the possible source of exposure. We suggest that the risk of exposure to BPA and its substitutes in most human biomonitoring studies should be reassessed based on new scientific evidence.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    开发了一种用于理解台湾人的亲环境行为(PEB)的价值信念规范(VBN)模型。这个制定的VBN模型包括个人价值,对变革的开放,意识到后果,个人规范,社会规范,PEB。生态世界观和责任归属被排除在外,以建立更严格的模型。共收集1079份完整问卷,并利用结构方程模型,其中标准估计和确定系数验证了制定的VBN模型的有效性。每个构建体充当其远端变量和结果变量之间的中介,具有相当高的预测准确性,PEB的变异占74.3%。进一步的发现发现,由于个人价值观,成熟的个体对后果的认识倾向更强;由于对后果的认识,年轻人对个人规范的倾向更强;由于对后果的认识,男性对个人规范的倾向更强;由于更加强调利他主义,女性的倾向较弱。未来的干预措施,例如口头或通过社交媒体分享个人的环保生活方式,定期整理个人物品,保持简约的生活方式,这些个人规范符合集体社会规范,可以帮助加强PEB。
    A value-belief-norm (VBN) model for understanding the pro-environmental behaviors (PEB) of Taiwanese was developed. This formulated VBN model included personal values, openness to change, awareness of consequences, personal norms, social norms, and PEB. Ecological world view and ascription of responsibility were excluded to develop a tighter model. A total of 1079 completed questionnaires were collected and structural equation modelling was utilized, where standard estimates and coefficients of determination validated the formulated VBN model\'s effectiveness. Each construct served its role as the mediator between its distal variable and outcome variable, with a substantial level of predictive accuracy, and 74.3% of the variance in PEB was accounted for. Further findings found that mature individuals had a stronger tendency towards awareness of consequences due to personal values; the young had a stronger tendency towards personal norms due to awareness of consequences; men had a stronger tendency towards personal norms due to awareness of consequences; and women had a weaker tendency due to a greater emphasis on altruism. Future interventions, such as sharing of personal pro-environmental lifestyles verbally or through social media, periodically decluttering personal items and maintaining a minimalist lifestyle, where these personal norms are in line with collective social norms, could help to strengthen PEB.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:肾脏和眼睛有共同的通路,被认为是紧密相连的。慢性肾脏病和主要眼病,如白内障和青光眼,与年龄密切相关。然而,需要进一步调查以了解年龄和肾脏疾病对眼部疾病的联合影响。在这项研究中,我们评估了台湾成年人与年龄和肾衰竭相关的眼病风险.
    方法:我们的研究包括127,561名年龄在30至70岁之间的无癌志愿者,他们从2008年到2020年参加了台湾生物库(TWB)项目。有关主要暴露(肾衰竭和年龄)和结果(眼病,包括青光眼,白内障,干眼症,和视网膜脱离)通过问卷收集。
    结果:一般来说,肾功能衰竭和年龄较大与较高的眼睛风险独立相关,特别是白内障和视网膜脱离:患病率比值比(POR);95%置信区间(CI)=2.480;白内障为1.635-3.761,视网膜脱离为3.885;1.968-7.666。观察到肾衰竭与年龄对白内障的显著交互作用(p值=0.0002)。年龄分层分析显示,50岁以下(POR=6.534;95%CI=2.493-17.124)和50至60岁(POR=3.957;95CI=1.986-7.881)的肾衰竭患者患白内障的风险更高。合并肾衰竭和年龄(参考:无肾衰竭且年龄<50岁),所有年龄组的肾衰竭都与白内障的高风险相关.PORs;95%CI为10.725;50岁以下患者为4.227-27.211,28.487;14.270-56.866对于50-60岁的人,和43.183;24.434-72.824,年龄>60年。合并白内障和年龄(参考:无白内障且年龄<50岁),50岁以下的患者发生肾衰竭的风险最高(POR;95%CI=9.510;3.722~24.297).
    结论:我们的研究表明,年龄和肾衰竭可能共同导致眼部疾病,尤其是白内障。白内障和肾衰竭之间的关联可能是双向的,尤其是50岁以下的人。这种显著的双向关系强调了对白内障患者进行肾衰竭筛查的必要性,反之亦然。特别是在年轻的成年人。
    BACKGROUND: The kidney and eyes share common pathways and are thought to be closely connected. Chronic kidney disease and major eye diseases, such as cataract and glaucoma, are strongly associated with age. However, further investigation is needed to understand the joint impact of age and kidney diseases on eye diseases. In this study, we assessed the risk of eye diseases in relation to age and kidney failure in Taiwanese adults.
    METHODS: Our study included 127,561 cancer-free volunteers aged 30 to 70 years who participated in the Taiwan Biobank (TWB) project from 2008 to 2020. Information on the main exposures (kidney failure and age) and the outcome (eye diseases, including glaucoma, cataract, xerophthalmia, and retinal detachment) was collected through questionnaires.
    RESULTS: In general, kidney failure and older age were independently associated with a higher risk of eye, particularly cataract and retinal detachment: prevalence odds ratio (POR); 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.480; 1.635-3.761 for cataract and 3.885; 1.968-7.666 for retinal detachment. A significant interaction between kidney failure and age on cataract was observed (p-value = 0.0002). Age-stratified analysis revealed a higher risk of cataract among patients with kidney failure aged below 50 (POR = 6.534; 95% CI = 2.493-17.124) and between 50 and 60 years (POR = 3.957; 95%CI = 1.986-7.881). Combining kidney failure and age (reference: no kidney failure and age < 50 years), kidney failure in all age groups was associated with a higher risk of cataract. The PORs; 95% CIs were 10.725; 4.227-27.211 for patients below 50 years, 28.487; 14.270-56.866 for those aged 50-60 years, and 43.183; 24.434-72.824 for those > 60 years. Combining cataract and age (reference: no cataract and age < 50 years), patients below 50 years had the highest risk of kidney failure (POR; 95% CI = 9.510; 3.722-24.297).
    CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that age and kidney failure may jointly contribute to eye diseases, particularly cataract. The association between cataract and kidney failure could be bidirectional, especially in individuals below 50 years. This significant bidirectional relationship underscores the need for screening patients with cataract for kidney failure and vice versa, particularly in younger adults.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    目的:本研究的目的是评估一个小梁微旁路支架(第一代iStent)联合超声乳化白内障手术(phaco)在台湾人群开角型青光眼(OAG)眼中的安全性和有效性。
    方法:一名外科医生在白内障超声乳化手术后植入一个小梁微旁路支架。眼内压(IOP),药物,远距矫正视力,并发症,并对不良事件进行了评估。
    结果:本病例系列包括25例OAG患者的28只眼(19例原发性开角型青光眼[POAG]和9例正常眼压性青光眼[NTG])。以前没有小梁切除术或激光小梁成形术。在1年,平均眼压从19.34±3.92mmHg降至15.84±3.05mmHg,青光眼药物的平均数量从1.82±1.12降至0.79±1.17(均P<0.001)。在NTG眼中观察到更长的生存期(NTG:11.67±1.00个月,POAG:9.53±3.78个月,P=0.031)。在一只眼睛中进行了支架复位,四只眼睛接受了激光治疗支架闭塞。没有人进行继发性青光眼手术。
    结论:联合超声乳化和支架植入术是降低OAG患者眼压和药物负担的安全有效方法。尤其是NTG。
    OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of one trabecular microbypass stent (first generation iStent) combined with phacoemulsification cataract surgery (phaco) in eyes with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in a Taiwanese population.
    METHODS: One trabecular microbypass stent was implanted after phacoemulsification cataract surgery by one surgeon. Intraocular pressure (IOP), medications, corrected distance visual acuity, complications, and adverse events were evaluated.
    RESULTS: This case series included 28 eyes of 25 patients with OAG (19 primary open-angle glaucoma [POAG] and 9 normal tension glaucoma [NTG]). None had previous trabeculectomy or laser trabeculoplasty. At 1 year, the mean IOP decreased from 19.34 ± 3.92 mmHg to 15.84 ± 3.05 mmHg, and the mean number of glaucoma medications decreased from 1.82 ± 1.12 to 0.79 ± 1.17 (both P < 0.001). Longer survival was observed in the NTG eyes (NTG: 11.67 ± 1.00 months, POAG: 9.53 ± 3.78 months, P = 0.031). iStent reposition was performed in one eye, and four eyes received laser treatment for stent occlusion. None had secondary glaucoma surgery.
    CONCLUSIONS: Combined phacoemulsification and iStent implantations are a safe and effective way in reducing IOP and medication burden in patients with OAG, especially NTG.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:设计思维(DT)能力,创造性的解决问题的能力,在西方文化中的各个专业领域的大学生中进行了广泛的调查。没有仪器,然而,可用于评估护理专业学生的DT能力,特别是,那些在非西方文化。
    目标:适应和验证创意综合清单(CSI)的使用,以评估四个组成部分(即,可视化,发现,原型设计,和评估)台湾护生的DT能力。
    方法:横截面,定性和定量相结合的混合方法论设计。
    方法:对台湾某科技大学两个校区的520名护理专业学生进行了19项CSI。数据收集是在2020年9月至2022年6月之间进行的。
    方法:CSI-台湾的跨文化适应和验证分为两个阶段:第一阶段包括内容有效性检查,翻译,和跨文化适应。第二阶段涉及试点测试和心理评估。
    结果:一阶验证性因子分析验证了四成分结构,即可视化,发现,原型设计,和评估,18个项目的CSI-台湾(模型拟合指数:χ2/df=3.953,NNFI=0.942,CFI=0.956,TLI=0.947,SRMR=0.035,RMSEA=0.075)。二阶验证性因素分析进一步表明,四个组成部分收敛于DT能力的单一结构(模型拟合指数:χ2/df=4.082,NNFI=0.935,CFI=0.949,TLI=0.940,SRMR=0.040,RMSEA=0.080)。此外,CSI-台湾也表现出令人满意的信度和效度。这些结果共同验证了理论上的DT能力及其组成部分的构造。
    结论:CSI-台湾是台湾护理专业学生使用的可靠有效的自我报告工具。
    BACKGROUND: Design thinking (DT) competence, a creative problem-solving ability, has been investigated extensively among college students in various professional fields within the western cultures. No instrument, however, is available for assessing DT competence in nursing students, particularly, those in non-western cultures.
    OBJECTIVE: To adapt and validate the use of Creative Synthesis Inventory (CSI) assessing the four components (i.e., visualization, discovery, prototyping, and evaluation) of DT competence in nursing students in Taiwan.
    METHODS: Cross-sectional, mixed methodological design combining qualitative and quantitative strategies.
    METHODS: A 19-item CSI was administered to a total of 520 nursing students from two campuses of a science and technology university in Taiwan. The data collection was conducted between September 2020 and June 2022.
    METHODS: The cross-cultural adaptation and validation of CSI-Taiwan was done in two phases: Phase I included content validity check, translation, and cross-cultural adaptation. Phase II involved pilot testing and psychometric evaluation.
    RESULTS: A first-order confirmatory factor analysis validated the four-component structure, namely visualization, discovery, prototyping, and evaluation, of an 18-item CSI-Taiwan (model fit indices: χ2/df = 3.953, NNFI = 0.942, CFI = 0.956, TLI = 0.947, SRMR = 0.035, and RMSEA = 0.075). A second-order confirmatory factor analysis further indicated that the four components converged on a unitary construct of DT competence (model fit indices: χ2/df = 4.082, NNFI = 0.935, CFI = 0.949, TLI = 0.940, SRMR = 0.040, and RMSEA = 0.080). Moreover, the CSI-Taiwan also demonstrated satisfactory reliability and validity. Together these results validated the construct of DT competence and its components as theorized.
    CONCLUSIONS: The CSI-Taiwan was a reliable and valid self-report instrument to be used by Taiwanese nursing students.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    UNASSIGNED: Here, we show two probable haplotypes associated with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DRB1*13:50:01 allele. The haplotypes were observed from 41 randomized unrelated Taiwanese individuals among a population of 23,064 individuals tested.
    UNASSIGNED: The samples in this study were blood samples, preserved in dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and/or ACD anticoagulants. The population is of donors from Tzu Chi Bone Marrow Donor Registry. Allele typing was performed using the sequence-based typing method, Sanger\'s sequencing. To discern the HLA-A and HLA-B alleles, exons 2 and 3 were sequenced. For DRB1 alleles, exon 2 was sequenced. Target exon sequence amplifications were done by a polymerase chain reaction and the resulting amplicons were sequenced by Bigdye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction kit, according to the manufacturer\'s protocols.
    UNASSIGNED: Two probable haplotypes that are associated with the DRB1*13:50:01 were observed among the 23,064 Taiwanese randomized unrelated individuals. One of the haplotypes is observed in 39 individuals while the other in two individuals.
    UNASSIGNED: The findings in this study may be useful in studies reinforcing the understanding and clinical application of the polymorphism of HLA genes and haplotypes.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    目的:很少有文献报道基质金属蛋白酶-1(MMP1)与膀胱癌个人易感性的关系。在目前的研究中,我们首次检查了MMP1rs1799750对台湾人膀胱癌风险的影响.
    方法:通过聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性方法对375例膀胱癌和375例健康对照进行MMP1rs1799750基因分型,并评估其与临床病理因素的关系。
    结果:MMP1rs17997502G/2G的频率,1G/2G,1G/1G基因型占35.7%,膀胱癌组分别为44.8%和19.5%和32.5%,46.4%,健康对照组为21.1%(趋势p=0.6362)。在调整MMP1rs1799750中携带1G/2G和1G/1G基因型的人的年龄和性别后,膀胱癌风险的比值比(OR)为0.88(95%CI=0.62-1.24,p=0.4357)和0.83(95%CI=0.61-1.26,p=0.3990),分别,与野生型2G/2G基因型相比。在等位基因频率分析中,与携带2G等位基因的人群相比,在MMP1rs1799750处携带1G等位基因的人群的校正OR为0.87(95%CI=0.71-1.23,p=0.3479).
    结论:我们的研究结果表明,MMP1rs1799750的基因型似乎在确定台湾人对膀胱癌的个人易感性中几乎没有作用。
    OBJECTIVE: There is very little literature reporting the association of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1) with personal susceptibility to bladder cancer. In the current study, we carried out the first examination of the contribution of MMP1 rs1799750 to bladder cancer risk in Taiwanese.
    METHODS: A total of 375 bladder cancer cases and 375 healthy controls were genotyped for MMP1 rs1799750 via polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology and this was evaluated for association with clinicopathological factors.
    RESULTS: The frequencies of MMP1 rs1799750 2G/2G, 1G/2G, and 1G/1G genotypes were 35.7%, 44.8% and 19.5% in the group with bladder cancer and 32.5%, 46.4%, and 21.1% in the healthy control group (p for trend=0.6362). The odds ratios (ORs) for bladder cancer risk after adjusting for age and gender for those carrying 1G/2G and 1G/1G genotypes at MMP1 rs1799750 were 0.88 (95% CI=0.62-1.24, p=0.4357) and 0.83 (95% CI=0.61-1.26, p=0.3990), respectively, compared with the wild-type 2G/2G genotype. In allelic frequency analysis, the adjusted OR for those carrying the 1G allele at MMP1 rs1799750 was 0.87 (95% CI=0.71-1.23, p=0.3479) compared to those people carrying a 2G allele.
    CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicated that the genotypes at MMP1 rs1799750 appear to play little role in determining personal susceptibility to bladder cancer for Taiwanese.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    BACKGROUND: Hypertension increases the likelihood of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is related to caffeine metabolism and the risk of CVD among coffee drinkers. CYP1A2 rs762551 influenced the risk of stroke among hypertensive patients. We examined the relationship between hypertension and coffee drinking based on CYP1A2 rs762551 SNP in Taiwanese adults.
    METHODS: We used data contained in the Taiwan Biobank database (2011-2018) and included 19,133 participants having complete information on hypertension, rs762551 polymorphism, coffee intake, etc. The risk of hypertension was determined using multiple logistic regression.
    RESULTS: Coffee intake was significantly associated with a lower risk of hypertension. The odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI), and p-value were 0.877, 0.807-0.954, and 0.0032, respectively. CYP1A2 rs762551 was not significantly associated with the risk of hypertension, but it had a significant interactive association with coffee drinking (p value = 0.0303). After stratification by rs762551 genotypes, the inverse coffee drinking-hypertension association was retained, but significant results were observed only in those with the AC + CC genotype (OR 0.678, 95% CI 0.722-900, p value = 0.0001). According to the combination of coffee drinking and rs762551 genotypes (reference group: no coffee drinking and rs762551 AA), the coffee drinking-AC + CC group had a lower risk of hypertension (OR 0.888, 95% CI 0.789-0.999, p value = 0.0483).
    CONCLUSIONS: Coffee drinking, particularly among individuals with the CYP1A2 rs762551 AC + CC genotype was associated with lower odds of hypertension.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    HLA-A*24:02:01:01的178密码子中的一个核苷酸取代导致一个新的等位基因,HLA-A*24:141。
    One nucleotide substitution in codon 178 of HLA-A*24:02:01:01 results in a novel allele, HLA-A*24:141.
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