■比较泳池游泳和田径运动之间相当长度(时间上)的比赛距离的表现进展和多样性。运动内品种的质量被确定为单个运动员的主要和次要比赛距离之间的表现差异(顶级)精英和(高级)训练有素的游泳者和跑步者。
■总共使用3,827,947次比赛时间来计算自由泳游泳者(n=12,588名男性和n=7,561名女性)和田径运动员(n=9,230名男性和n=5,841名女性)的表现点(相对于世界纪录的比赛时间)。运动员根据他们在最高表现年龄的个人最佳成绩进行排名,然后回顾了整个青春期的年度最佳时间。
■世界级游泳运动员的表现在较早的年龄与排名较低的同龄人(15-16vs.17-20岁的年龄类别,P<0.05),但与跑步者相比,也更早地达到高龄(19-20vs.23岁以上的类别,P<0.05),分别。游泳运动员的表现发展呈现出对数模式,而跑步者线性发展。当游泳者在更多的次要比赛距离(更大的运动内品种)比赛时,跑步者专注于任何一个冲刺,在职业生涯早期的中距离或长距离比赛,只有2、4或3个其他比赛距离,分别。在这两项运动中,短跑运动员专业化程度最高(P<0.05)。中距离游泳者的距离范围更长,而不是短跑比赛距离。因此,在最高性能年龄,(top-)精英女子200米游泳运动员的短跑表现明显较慢,即,50米(P<0.001)和100米(P<0.001),但不是长距离表演,即,800米(P=0.99)和1,500米(P=0.99)。相比之下,(top-)优秀女子800m中长跑运动员在所有次要比赛距离中的表现明显较慢(P<0.001)。在两项运动中,(顶级)优秀女运动员的专长高于(高度)训练的运动员(P<0.05)。
■跟踪跑步和排名较低的游泳运动员的比较,早期的表演高原到高龄,并且保持较大的运动内距离变化表明(顶级)精英短跑游泳者受益于更大的运动内专业化。
UNASSIGNED: To compare performance progression and variety in race distances of comparable lengths (timewise) between pool swimming and track running. Quality of within-sport variety was determined as the performance differences between individual athletes\' main and secondary race distances across (top-) elite and (highly-) trained swimmers and runners.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 3,827,947 race times were used to calculate performance points (race times relative to the world record) for freestyle swimmers (n = 12,588 males and n = 7,561 females) and track runners (n = 9,230 males and n = 5,841 females). Athletes were ranked based on their personal best at peak performance age, then annual best times were retrospectively traced throughout adolescence.
UNASSIGNED: Performance of world-class swimmers differentiates at an earlier age from their lower ranked peers (15-16 vs. 17-20 year age categories, P < 0.05), but also plateaus earlier towards senior age compared to runners (19-20 vs. 23 + year age category, P < 0.05), respectively. Performance development of swimmers shows a logarithmic pattern, while runners develop linearly. While swimmers compete in more secondary race distances (larger within-sport variety), runners specialize in either sprint, middle- or long-distance early in their career and compete in only 2, 4 or 3 other race distances, respectively. In both sports, sprinters specialize the most (P < 0.05). Distance-variety of middle-distance swimmers covers more longer rather than sprint race distances. Therefore, at peak performance age, (top-) elite female 200 m swimmers show significantly slower sprint performances, i.e., 50 m (P < 0.001) and 100 m (P < 0.001), but not long-distance performances, i.e., 800 m (P = 0.99) and 1,500 m (P = 0.99). In contrast, (top-) elite female 800 m middle-distance runners show significantly slower performances in all their secondary race distances (P < 0.001). (Top-) elite female athletes specialize more than (highly-) trained athletes in both sports (P < 0.05).
UNASSIGNED: The comparison to track running and lower ranked swimmers, the early performance plateau towards senior age, and the maintenance of a large within-sport distance variety indicates that (top-) elite sprint swimmers benefit from greater within-sport specialization.