The aim of this scoping review was to explore the potential relationship between vaginal microbiome dysbiosis and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Four databases were utilized to identify primary literature based on a pre-determined exclusion and inclusion criteria. The electronic databases searched include MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Web of Science. After an initial double-blind screening and removal of duplicates, 81 articles remained. Articles were included based on preselected inclusion and exclusion criteria, type of study, and date of publishing. Specifically, primary literature that focused on subjects that were diagnosed with PCOS and that discussed PCOS in relation to the vaginal microbiome was included. Literature reviews, studies with animal subjects, and studies that did not discuss PCOS and the vaginal microbiome were excluded. Current data from the five articles included in this review suggests that there is a relationship between PCOS and vaginal microbiome dysbiosis. Specifically, dysbiosis of the vaginal flora may be due to vaginal pH alterations secondary to decreased vaginal Lactobacillus species and elevated pathogenic species including Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Prevotella, Gardnerella, and Mycoplasma species. The manifestation of this vaginal microbiome dysbiosis is often bacterial and fungal vaginitis. Therefore, more studies are needed to explore the possibility of treating PCOS with probiotics designed to reestablish a healthy Lactobacillus-dominant vaginal microbiome. In addition, further studies on the microbial composition of the vaginal microbiota in PCOS patients could identify microbial biomarkers for diagnosing PCOS.

Here, we report a rare case of concurrent primary splenic lymphoma and mammary gland tumour (MGT) with polycystic ovaries in a 10-year-old, intact female Jindo dog. The dog was presented with multiple masses in the fourth left mammary gland, the largest of which measured 6 cm in diameter, along with enlargement of the left inguinal lymph node on physical examination. Ultrasonography, radiography, and computed tomography scans revealed polycystic ovaries and a mass in the tail of the spleen, after total splenectomy and mastectomy with ovariohysterectomy, histopathological examination identified splenic diffuse large B cell lymphoma and malignant myoepithelioma of the mammary gland was found. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the concurrent occurrence of splenic lymphoma, MGT, and polycystic ovaries in a dog.

UNASSIGNED: Hirsutism is a common endocrine disorder and its etiology varies from benign and idiopathic disorders to serious malignant diseases. Hirsutism creates negative impact on quality of life and considerable effects on fertility. Our objective was to determine the various causes of hirsutism in women presenting at two endocrine clinics.
UNASSIGNED: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Karachi and at Jinnah hospital, Lahore from August 2020 to December 2021 women between 12-45 years of age with complains of hirsutism were included in the study. Severity of Hirsutism was evaluated using modified Ferriman-Gallwey score (FG). Patients with modified FG score of 8 or more were considered having hirsutism.
UNASSIGNED: The study had 113 patients with a mean age of 15.50+7.29 years with 89% having moderate hirsutism (FG score 16-25). Polycystic ovaries was the most common cause of hirsutism. Common sites for hirsutism included back (83%), arms (74%), buttocks (70%), and upper abdomen (47%). High BMI (p-value <0.01) and high Dehydroepiandrosterone levels were positively associated with the severity of hirsutism (p-value of 0.006.).
UNASSIGNED: The various causes of hirsutism identified were polycystic ovaries, followed by idiopathic, thyroid dysfunction, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and hyperprolactinemia; therefore, all women presenting with hirsutism should be evaluated for potential serious and curable etiologies, before embarking on a treatment plan.

Severe hypothyroidism can affect a variety of organs and can develop atypical manifestations. Peripheral precocious puberty may be secondary to other endocrinological diseases, which must be taken into account in the differential diagnosis in order to avoid unnecessary additional tests. Van Wyk-Grumbach syndrome is an infrequent manifestation characterized by severe hypothyroidism and incomplete precocious puberty. Diagnosis is made by clinical and complementary tests, and the main treatment goal is to achieve euthyroidism through hormone replacement. Prognosis is good once the treatment is established. The aim of this study is to review the available literature about Van Wyk-Grumbach syndrome following the PRISMA statement, and to present the first clinical case published in Spain. We have included the articles published during the period from 1905 to week 40 of 2022. A total of 68 articles have been selected for study and analysis, within which there are 99 published clinical cases. Girls accounted for 92.1% of cases (median age at the diagnosis 8.5 years). Metrorrhagia was the most prevalent symptom, present in 80.5% of the girls. Abdominal ultrasound was performed in 93.3% of the girls and 97.8% of them had at least one ovarian cyst. All cases were treated with levothyroxine, responding satisfactorily after the first doses of treatment. To conclude, Van Wyk-Grumbach syndrome is characterized by severe hypothyroidism and incomplete precocious puberty, which is important to keep in mind in order to avoid complementary exams and unnecessary surgical interventions.

To determine whether women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) had a higher incidence of testing positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) than those without PCOS and evaluate whether PCOS diagnosis independently increased the risk of moderate or severe disease in those with positive SARS-CoV-2 test results.
Retrospective cohort study using the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C).
National COVID Cohort Collaborative.
Adult nonpregnant women (age, 18-65 years) enrolled in the N3C with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 testing for any indication. Sensitivity analyses were conducted in women aged 18-49 years and who were obese (body mass index, ≥30 kg/m2).
The exposure was PCOS as identified by the N3C clinical diagnosis codes and concept sets, which are a compilation of terms, laboratory values, and International Classification of Diseases codes for the diagnosis of PCOS. To further capture patients with the symptoms of PCOS, we also included those who had concept sets for both hirsutism and irregular menses.
Odds of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and odds of moderate or severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the PCOS cohort compared with those in the non-PCOS cohort.
Of the 2,089,913 women included in our study, 39,459 had PCOS. In the overall cohort, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of SARS-CoV-2 positivity was 0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97-0.98) in women with PCOS compared to women without PCOS. The aORs of disease severity were as follows: mild disease, 1.02 (95% CI, 1.01-1.03); moderate disease, 0.99 (95% CI, 0.98-1.00); and severe disease, 0.99 (95% CI, 0.99-1.00). There was no difference in COVID-19-related mortality (aOR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.99-1.00). These findings were similar in the reproductive-age and obese reproductive-age cohorts.
Women with PCOS had a similar likelihood of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. Among those who tested positive, they were no more likely to have moderate or severe COVID-19 than the non-PCOS cohort. Polycystic ovary syndrome is a chronic condition associated with several comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease and mental health issues. Although these comorbidities are also associated with COVID-19 morbidity, our findings suggest that the comorbidities themselves, rather than PCOS, drive the risk of disease severity.

The diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) remains challenging due to limited data regarding normative cut-offs for the diagnostic features in different subpopulations. We aim to conduct a systematic review, build a comprehensive repository of de-identified individual participant data (IPD), and define normative ranges and diagnostic cut-offs for all PCOS diagnostic features. We will conduct a systematic search of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for studies that assessed PCOS diagnostic features in unselected women. Two reviewers will assess eligibility and perform quality appraisal. Authors of included studies will be invited to contribute IPD. Primary variables include directly assessed modified Ferriman Gallwey (mFG) scores; menstrual cycle lengths; follicle number per ovary (FNPO), ovarian volume (OV), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH); circulating androgens, including total testosterone (TT), free testosterone, bioavailable testosterone, free androgen index (FAI), androstenedione (A4), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS). Normative ranges and cut-offs will be defined using cluster analysis. Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee granted ethical approval (26938/0 1/12/2020), all IPD will be de-identified and primary studies have ethical approval from their institutional ethics committees. Findings will clarify distinction between PCOS and non-PCOS populations, and inform the update of the international evidence-based guidelines for the assessment and management of PCOS.

UNASSIGNED: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in the progenitive age group and the leading cause of infertility. The worldwide prevalence of PCOS in women varies between 2.2% to 26%. Due to limited literature on burden of PCOS among adolescent girls, its significance is still unfathomed as a research is few and far between in the present time. We conducted Systematic review and metanalysis to estimate the pooled prevalence of PCOS among Indian adolescent girls (14-19 years).
UNASSIGNED: With the help of a search strategy, two authors searched Scopus, Embase and Pubmed independently. We screened studies considering eligibility criteria and extracted data. Selected studies were assessed for quality and risk biases using the NIH tool. R software was used for analysis.
UNASSIGNED: Twelve studies were included in the meta-analysis. The total number of participants in the study was 4473. All studies scored average and above as per the NIH quality assessment tool. The prevalence of PCOS among adolescents based on the Rotterdam criteria was 17.74 per 100 (CI = 11.77-23.71) with I2 =97 %. Hospital-based studies had a comparatively higher prevalence of PCOS as compared to community-based.
UNASSIGNED: Pooled prevalence of PCOS among Indian adolescents\' girls was high, approximately one in five.

OBJECTIVE: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common reproductive, endocrine, and metabolic disorder in premenopausal women. Even though the pathophysiology of PCOS is complex and obscure, the disorder is prominently considered as the syndrome of hyperandrogenism. C-Terminal binding protein 1 antisense (CTBP1-AS) acts as a novel androgen receptor regulating long noncoding RNA (lncRNA). Therefore, the present study was aimed to establish the possible association of androgen receptor regulating long noncoding RNA CTBP1-AS with PCOS.
METHODS: A total of 178 subjects including 105 PCOS cases and 73 age-matched healthy controls were recruited for the study. The anthropometric, hormonal, and biochemical parameters of all subjects were analyzed. Total RNA was isolated from peripheral venous blood and expression analysis was done by quantitative real-time PCR. The correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the association between and various clinical parameters and lncRNA CTBP1-AS expression.
CONCLUSIONS: The mean expression level of CTBP1-AS was found to be significantly higher in the PCOS women than in the healthy controls (-lnCTBP1-AS, 4.23 ± 1.68 versus 1.24 ± 0.29, P < 0.001). Furthermore, subjects with higher expression level of CTBP1-AS had significantly higher risk of PCOS compared to subjects with low levels of CTBP1-AS expression (actual OR = 11.36, 95% CI = 5.59-23.08, P < 0.001). The area under receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.987 (SE 0.006, 95% CI 0.976-0.99). However, lncRNA CTBP1-AS was found to have no association with different clinical characteristics of PCOS. In conclusion, androgen receptor coregulating lncRNA CTBP1-AS is associated with PCOS women and high expression of CTBP1-AS is a risk factor for PCOS in Kashmiri women.

To study the relationship between circulating chemokine cysteine-cysteine motif ligand (CCL) 5 levels and cysteine-cysteine chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and adipose tissue with hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
Case-control study.
University teaching hospital.
Fifteen women with PCOS and 15 controls matched for body mass index and age were enrolled in this study.
None.
Plasma levels of CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, and omental adipose tissue and PBMCs were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction to determine the expression level of CCR5 in participants.
Levels of CCL5 were significantly higher in women with PCOS. Expression of CCR5 in adipose tissue and PBMCs was significantly higher in women with PCOS compared with that in women in the control group. Cysteine-cysteine chemokine receptor type 5 expression also was upregulated in THP-1 cells after chronic exposure to testosterone. Levels of CCL5 had a significant positive correlation with testosterone levels in women with PCOS. Moreover, CCR5 showed a positive correlation with fasting glucose levels, homeostasis model insulin resistance index, and C-reactive protein.
Increased levels of CCL5 and overexpression of CCR5 in PBMCs and adipose tissue are associated with hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance in women with PCOS. Additionally, CCR5 and CCL5 may be used as biomarkers in the pathogenesis of PCOS.

UNASSIGNED: Accurate diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) enables clinical interventions/cardiometabolic risk factor management. Diagnosis can take over 2 years and multiple clinician contacts. We examined patterns of PCOS-associated biochemical investigations following initial consultation prior to pelvic ultrasound scan (USS).
UNASSIGNED: We determined in 206 women (i) the range of different biochemical test panels used in the diagnosis of PCOS in primary/secondary care prior to USS relative to national guidance in the UK and (ii) the relation between testing patterns and time to USS to highlight potential delays introduced by inappropriate testing.
UNASSIGNED: In these 206 women, 47 different test combinations were requested at initial venepuncture; only 7 (3%) had the test panel suggested in UK guidance (follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone/testosterone/sex hormone-binding globulin/prolactin). The number of tests performed prior to USS varied from one test to all seven tests. There was an inverse relation between the number of biochemistry tests requested at initial venepuncture episode and \'time to scan\'. Those who had <3 tests had a significantly longer time from first request to USS (median 70 days) than those with 3-7 tests (median 40 days; P = 0.002). One venepuncture episode prior to USS was associated with shorter \'time to scan\' (median 29 days) than those with 2-4 episodes (median 255 days; P < 0.001).
UNASSIGNED: There was no identifiable pattern to biochemical investigations requested as part of the initial diagnostic evaluation in women with suspected PCOS. We recommend standardization of the initial biochemical panel of analytes for PCOS workup, with incorporation into hospital/general practice ordering software systems.