The aim of this scoping review was to explore the potential relationship between vaginal microbiome dysbiosis and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Four databases were utilized to identify primary literature based on a pre-determined exclusion and inclusion criteria. The electronic databases searched include MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Web of Science. After an initial double-blind screening and removal of duplicates, 81 articles remained. Articles were included based on preselected inclusion and exclusion criteria, type of study, and date of publishing. Specifically, primary literature that focused on subjects that were diagnosed with PCOS and that discussed PCOS in relation to the vaginal microbiome was included. Literature reviews, studies with animal subjects, and studies that did not discuss PCOS and the vaginal microbiome were excluded. Current data from the five articles included in this review suggests that there is a relationship between PCOS and vaginal microbiome dysbiosis. Specifically, dysbiosis of the vaginal flora may be due to vaginal pH alterations secondary to decreased vaginal Lactobacillus species and elevated pathogenic species including Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Prevotella, Gardnerella, and Mycoplasma species. The manifestation of this vaginal microbiome dysbiosis is often bacterial and fungal vaginitis. Therefore, more studies are needed to explore the possibility of treating PCOS with probiotics designed to reestablish a healthy Lactobacillus-dominant vaginal microbiome. In addition, further studies on the microbial composition of the vaginal microbiota in PCOS patients could identify microbial biomarkers for diagnosing PCOS.

Severe hypothyroidism can affect a variety of organs and can develop atypical manifestations. Peripheral precocious puberty may be secondary to other endocrinological diseases, which must be taken into account in the differential diagnosis in order to avoid unnecessary additional tests. Van Wyk-Grumbach syndrome is an infrequent manifestation characterized by severe hypothyroidism and incomplete precocious puberty. Diagnosis is made by clinical and complementary tests, and the main treatment goal is to achieve euthyroidism through hormone replacement. Prognosis is good once the treatment is established. The aim of this study is to review the available literature about Van Wyk-Grumbach syndrome following the PRISMA statement, and to present the first clinical case published in Spain. We have included the articles published during the period from 1905 to week 40 of 2022. A total of 68 articles have been selected for study and analysis, within which there are 99 published clinical cases. Girls accounted for 92.1% of cases (median age at the diagnosis 8.5 years). Metrorrhagia was the most prevalent symptom, present in 80.5% of the girls. Abdominal ultrasound was performed in 93.3% of the girls and 97.8% of them had at least one ovarian cyst. All cases were treated with levothyroxine, responding satisfactorily after the first doses of treatment. To conclude, Van Wyk-Grumbach syndrome is characterized by severe hypothyroidism and incomplete precocious puberty, which is important to keep in mind in order to avoid complementary exams and unnecessary surgical interventions.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is closely related to various adverse cardiovascular manifestations and increased cardiovascular risk. However, atrial fibrillation (AF) development and atrial conduction abnormalities have not been thoroughly studied in patients with PCOS. Methods: This meta-analysis (CRD42021261375) was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Our aim was to investigate associations between PCOS and disorders in atrial conduction parameters linked with an increased risk for AF occurrence. Results: Five cohort studies with aggregate data on 406 adult women (229 with PCOS and 177 age-matched without PCOS) were included in this analysis. Our results showed a significantly increased mean difference in P-wave maximum duration (+7.63 ± 7.07 msec; p < 0.01) and P-wave dispersion (+11.42 ± 5.22 msec; p = 0.03) of patients with PCOS compared to healthy women. The mean difference in P-wave minimum duration (−2.22 ± 2.68 msec; p = 0.11) did not reach the statistical threshold between the compared groups. Echocardiographic measurements of atrial electromechanical delay (AED) also indicated a statistically significant mean difference in favour of the PCOS group in all assessed parameters, except for atrial electromechanical coupling (PA) in the tricuspid annulus. Particularly, PCOS was associated with increased lateral PA, septal PA, inter- and intra-AED durations (mean difference: +17.31 ± 9.02 msec; p < 0.01, +11.63 ± 7.42 msec; p < 0.01, +15.31 ± 9.18 msec; p < 0.01, +9.31 ± 6.85 msec; p < 0.01, respectively). Conclusions: PCOS is strongly associated with alterations in several electrocardiographic and echocardiographic parameters indicating abnormal atrial conduction. Therefore, PCOS could be considered as a causal or triggering factor of AF. Larger studies are needed to confirm these results and investigate direct associations between PCOS and AF.

The diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) remains challenging due to limited data regarding normative cut-offs for the diagnostic features in different subpopulations. We aim to conduct a systematic review, build a comprehensive repository of de-identified individual participant data (IPD), and define normative ranges and diagnostic cut-offs for all PCOS diagnostic features. We will conduct a systematic search of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for studies that assessed PCOS diagnostic features in unselected women. Two reviewers will assess eligibility and perform quality appraisal. Authors of included studies will be invited to contribute IPD. Primary variables include directly assessed modified Ferriman Gallwey (mFG) scores; menstrual cycle lengths; follicle number per ovary (FNPO), ovarian volume (OV), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH); circulating androgens, including total testosterone (TT), free testosterone, bioavailable testosterone, free androgen index (FAI), androstenedione (A4), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS). Normative ranges and cut-offs will be defined using cluster analysis. Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee granted ethical approval (26938/0 1/12/2020), all IPD will be de-identified and primary studies have ethical approval from their institutional ethics committees. Findings will clarify distinction between PCOS and non-PCOS populations, and inform the update of the international evidence-based guidelines for the assessment and management of PCOS.

UNASSIGNED: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in the progenitive age group and the leading cause of infertility. The worldwide prevalence of PCOS in women varies between 2.2% to 26%. Due to limited literature on burden of PCOS among adolescent girls, its significance is still unfathomed as a research is few and far between in the present time. We conducted Systematic review and metanalysis to estimate the pooled prevalence of PCOS among Indian adolescent girls (14-19 years).
UNASSIGNED: With the help of a search strategy, two authors searched Scopus, Embase and Pubmed independently. We screened studies considering eligibility criteria and extracted data. Selected studies were assessed for quality and risk biases using the NIH tool. R software was used for analysis.
UNASSIGNED: Twelve studies were included in the meta-analysis. The total number of participants in the study was 4473. All studies scored average and above as per the NIH quality assessment tool. The prevalence of PCOS among adolescents based on the Rotterdam criteria was 17.74 per 100 (CI = 11.77-23.71) with I2 =97 %. Hospital-based studies had a comparatively higher prevalence of PCOS as compared to community-based.
UNASSIGNED: Pooled prevalence of PCOS among Indian adolescents\' girls was high, approximately one in five.