The contaminated liquid mixture containing mucosalivary fluid and blood would be aerosolized during medical procedures, resulting in higher-risk exposures. The novelty of this research is integrating laser visualization and numerical characterization to assess the propagation and evaporation of contaminated droplets, and the interactive effects of humidity and temperature on exposure risks will be numerically evaluated in surgery environments. The numerical model evidenced by experiments can predict the mass balance of ejection droplets, the minimum required fallow time (FT) between appointments, and the disinfection region of greatest concern. Around 98.4 % of the ejection droplet mass will be removed after the cessation of ultrasonic scaling, while the initial droplet size smaller than 72.6μm will dehydrate and become airborne. The FT recommendation of 30 min is not over-cautious, and the extended FT (range of 28-37 min) should be instituted for low temperature (20.5 °C) and high humidity levels (60 %RH). The variation of the temperature and humidity in the range for human thermal comfort has little influence on the area of the disinfection region (0.15m2) and the cut-off size (72.6μm) of droplet deposition and suspension. This research can provide scientific evidence for the guidelines of environmental conditions in surgery rooms.

UNASSIGNED: With the increasing application of guided endodontics to treat complex root canal treatment, the entire process of root canal treatment has become more precise, reducing damage to tooth structure and improving success rates. However, due to the limitations of the operating space, the use of guided endodontic templates in posterior root canal treatment is less common. This study aims to compare the accuracy and reliability of selective laser melting (SLM) and traditional stereolithography etching (SLA) guided endodontic templates for posterior root canals, providing better treatment strategies for posterior root canal treatment.
UNASSIGNED: The teeth were randomly assigned to either SLM or SLA group. Preoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and a three-dimensional (3D) scanner were used to establish the 3D root canal system and the accurate occlusal models of the teeth. The virtual access to the canal access was designed using Mimics 19.0 and 3-Matic 11.0. The endodontic access was performed based on either SLM or SLA templates. The accuracy of endodontic preparation was measured in three-dimensions by calculating deviations from planned accesses. The template height and tooth substance loss rates in each group were measured.
UNASSIGNED: SLM-guided templates have a low average deviation at the entry point and apical portion of the bur of total posterior teeth (including premolars and molars) and individual molars (P < 0.05). Moreover, there was a significant difference in angular deviations and height of template in total posterior teeth and individual molars (P < 0.05). The mean substance loss rate of the SLA group was slightly greater than that of the SLM group, but the difference was not statistically (P > 0.05).
UNASSIGNED: SLM-guided endodontics provides a more predictable and precise location of root canal orifice for the treatment of posterior teeth.

Profiling gene expression while preserving cell locations aids in the comprehensive understanding of cell fates in multicellular organisms. However, simple and flexible isolation of microregions of interest (mROIs) for spatial transcriptomics is still challenging. We present a laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT)-based method combined with a full-length mRNA-sequencing protocol (LIFT-seq) for profiling region-specific tissues. LIFT-seq demonstrated that mROIs from two adjacent sections could reliably and sensitively detect and display gene expression. In addition, LIFT-seq can identify region-specific mROIs in the mouse cortex and hippocampus. Finally, LIFT-seq identified marker genes in different layers of the cortex with very similar expression patterns. These genes were then validated using in situ hybridization (ISH) results. Therefore, LIFT-seq will be a valuable and efficient technique for profiling the spatial transcriptome in various tissues.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the application of digital impression and resin model technology in removable partial dentures (RPD) for Kennedy classⅠandⅡdentition defects.
METHODS: Patients with Kennedy classⅠorⅡdental defect were selected and grouped in accordance with the following denture production processes: digital impression/resin model/cast cobalt-chromium alloy framework group (group A), digital impression/resin model/laser printed titanium framework group (group B), alginate impression/plaster model/cast cobalt-chromium alloy framework group (group C), and alginate impression/plaster model/laser printed titanium framework group (group D), with 40 cases in each group. The final RPD was examined in place in the mouth, and the evaluation indicators included the retention force of clamp ring, the tightness of connector and base, and the accuracy of occlusion. The evaluation scores of each index were used for analysis on the Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test.
RESULTS: No statistically significant difference in the score of each index was found among the four groups in RPD.
CONCLUSIONS: The cast cobalt-chromium alloy and laser-printed titanium framework RPD using digital impression and resin model can meet the clinical restoration requirements of patients with Kennedy classⅠandⅡdentition defects.
目的: 评估肯氏Ⅰ、Ⅱ类牙列缺损数字化印模及树脂模型技术在可摘局部义齿（RPD）中的应用效果。方法: 选择肯氏Ⅰ、Ⅱ类牙列缺损患者，按照义齿制作流程分组：数字化印模/树脂模型/钴铬合金铸造支架组（A组）、数字化印模/树脂模型/激光打印钛支架组（B组）、藻酸盐印模/石膏模型/钴铬合金铸造支架组（C组）、藻酸盐印模/石膏模型/激光打印钛支架组（D组），每组40例。对最终完成的RPD在口内就位情况进行检查，评估指标包括卡环固位力、连接体和基托在口内的密合度、咬合准确度，各项指标评估分值使用Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验进行分析。结果: 4组RPD各项指标的评分值差异无统计学意义。结论: 利用数字化印模及树脂模型完成的铸造钴铬合金和激光打印钛支架式RPD能够满足肯氏Ⅰ、Ⅱ类牙列缺损患者的临床修复要求。.

OBJECTIVE: To address the quality problems caused by high porosity in the preparation of dental cobalt-chrome alloy prosthetics based on selective laser melting (SLM) technology, we investigated the influence mechanism of different forming process parameters on the microstructure and properties of the materials. Moreover, the range of forming process parameters that can effectively reduce defects was precisely defined.
METHODS: The effects of laser power, scanning speed, and scanning distance on the pore properties, surface roughness, and hardness of dental cobalt-chrome alloy were investigated by adjusting the printing parameters in the process of SLM. Through metallographic analysis, image analysis, and molten pool simulation, the pore formation mechanism was revealed, and the relationship between the porosity and energy density of SLM dental cobalt-chrome alloy was elucidated.
RESULTS: When the linear energy density was higher than 0.18 J/mm, the porosity defect easily appeared at the bottom of the molten pool. When the laser energy density was lower than 0.13 J/mm, defects occurred in the gap of the molten pool due to insufficient melting of powder. In particular, when the linear energy density exceeded the threshold of 0.30 J/mm or was below 0.12 J/mm, the porosity increased significantly to more than 1%. In addition, we observed a negative correlation between free surface roughness and energy density and an inverse relationship between macroscopic hardness and porosity.
CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the conditions of raw materials and molding equipment used in this study, the key process parameters of SLM of molding parts with porosity lower than 1% were successfully determined. Specifically, these key parameters included the line energy density, which ranged from 0.13 J/mm to 0.30 J/mm, and the scan spacing should be strictly controlled below 90 μm.
目的: 为应对义齿加工厂在制备基于激光选区熔化（SLM）技术的牙科钴铬合金口腔修复体时因高孔隙率引发的质量问题，探究了不同成型工艺参数对材料微观结构及性能的影响机制，并据此精确界定了能够有效降低缺陷的口腔修复体成型工艺参数范围。方法: 通过调整SLM过程中的打印参数，探讨激光功率、扫描速度以及扫描间距对牙科钴铬合金成型件孔隙特性、表面粗糙度及硬度的影响。借助金相微观分析结合图像分析和熔池模拟技术，揭示孔隙的形成机制，并阐明了SLM牙科钴铬合金孔隙率与能量密度之间的关联。结果: 线能量密度高于0.18 J/mm时，熔池底部易出现气孔缺陷；激光能量密度低于0.13 J/mm时，熔池间隙内则因粉末未充分熔化而产生缺陷。尤其是当线能量密度超出0.30 J/mm或低于0.12 J/mm的阈值时，孔隙率显著升高至超过1%。此外，SLM牙科钴铬合金的自由面粗糙度与能量密度之间呈负相关关系，宏观硬度与孔隙率之间呈反比关系。结论: 基于本研究采用的原材料及成型设备条件，成功确定了SLM成型件孔隙率低于1%的关键工艺参数。具体而言，这些关键参数涵盖了线能量密度，其取值范围为0.13~0.30 J/mm，同时，扫描间距应严格控制在90 μm以下。.

Rheumatoid arthritis(RA) is a condition in which the joints are in a weakly acidic environment. In RA, RA fibroblastlike synoviocytes( RAFLS) in the joints become abnormally activated and secrete a large amount of matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs), and the receptor protein CD44 on the cell membrane is specifically upregulated. Xuetongsu(XTS), an active ingredient in the Tujia ethnomedicine Xuetong, is known to inhibit the proliferation of RAFLS. However, its development and utilization have been limited due to poor targeting ability. A biomimetic XTS-Prussian blue nanoparticles(PB NPs) drug delivery system called THMPX NPs which can target CD44 was constructed in this study. The surface of THMPX NPs was modified with hyaluronic acid(HA) and a long chain of triglycerol monostearate(TGMS) and 3-aminobenzeneboronic acid(PBA)(PBA-TGMS). The overexpressed MMPs and H+ in inflammatory RAFLS can synergistically cleave the PBA-TGMS on the surface of the nanoparticles, exposing HA to interact with CD44. This allows THMPX NPs to accumulate highly in RAFLS, and upon near-infrared light irradiation, generate heat and release XTS, thereby inhibiting the proliferation and migration of RAFLS. Characterization revealed that THMPX NPs were uniform cubes with a diameter of(190. 3±4. 7) nm and an average potential of(-15. 3± 2. 3) m V. Upon near-infrared light irradiation for 5 min, the temperature of THMPX NPs reached 41. 5 ℃, indicating MMPs and H+-triggered drug release. Safety assessments showed that THMPX NPs had a hemolysis rate of less than 4% and exhibited no cytotoxicity against normal RAW264. 7 and human fibroblast-like synoviocytes(HFLS). In vitro uptake experiments demonstrated the significant targeting ability of THMPX NPs to RAFLS. Free radical scavenging experiments revealed excellent free radical clearance capacity of THMPX NPs, capable of removing reactive oxygen species in RAFLS. Cell counting kit-8 and scratch assays demonstrated that THMPX NPs significantly suppressed the viability and migratory ability of RAFLS. This study provides insights into the development of innovative nanoscale targeted drugs from traditional ethnic medicines for RA treatment.

BACKGROUND: Nitrofurazone (NFZ) is a widely-used antimicrobial agent in aquaculture. The NFZ residue can be transmitted to humans through the food chain, and cause adverse health effects including carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Until now, a number of modified electrodes have been developed for NFZ detection, however, there are some issues that need to be improved. For example, the reported detection sensitivity is relatively low, the modification procedure is complicated, and conventional three-electrode system is used. Therefore, it is quite important to develop new NFZ detection method with higher sensitivity, simplicity and practicality.
RESULTS: Herein, a kind of integrated three-electrode array consisted with porous graphene is easily prepared through laser engraving of commercial polyimide tape. Five kinds of graphene arrays were prepared at different laser power percentage (i.e. 30 %, 40 %, 50 %, 60 % and 70 %). It is found that their structure, morphology, fluffiness and porosity show great difference, consequently affecting the electrochemical performance of graphene arrays such as conductivity, active area and electron transfer ability. The engraved graphene array at 50 % laser power percentage (LIG-50 array) is superior owing to uniform 3D structure, abundant pores and high stability. More importantly, LIG-50 array is more active for NFZ oxidation, and significantly enhances the detection sensitivity. The linear range of LIG-50 sensor is from 0.2 to 8 μM, and the detection limit is 0.035 μM, which is successfully used in fish meat samples.
CONCLUSIONS: A sensitive, portable and practical electrochemical sensor has been successfully developed for NFZ using laser-engraved graphene array. The demonstration using fish meat samples manifests this new sensor has good accuracy and great potential in application. This study could provide a new possibility for the design and fabrication of other high-performance electrochemical sensor for various applications in the future.

To quickly obtain rice plant phenotypic traits, this study put forward the computational process of six rice phenotype features (e.g., crown diameter, perimeter of stem, plant height, surface area, volume, and projected leaf area) using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) data, and proposed the extraction method for the tiller number of rice plants. Specifically, for the first time, we designed and developed an automated phenotype extraction tool for rice plants with a three-layer architecture based on the PyQt5 framework and Open3D library. The results show that the linear coefficients of determination (R2) between the measured values and the extracted values marked a better reliability among the selected four verification features. The root mean square error (RMSE) of crown diameter, perimeter of stem, and plant height is stable at the centimeter level, and that of the tiller number is as low as 1.63. The relative root mean squared error (RRMSE) of crown diameter, plant height, and tiller number stays within 10%, and that of perimeter of stem is 18.29%. In addition, the user-friendly automatic extraction tool can efficiently extract the phenotypic features of rice plant, and provide a convenient tool for quickly gaining phenotypic trait features of rice plant point clouds. However, the comparison and verification of phenotype feature extraction results supported by more rice plant sample data, as well as the improvement of accuracy algorithms, remain as the focus of our future research. The study can offer a reference for crop phenotype extraction using 3D point clouds.

Extracting moso bamboo parameters from single-source point cloud data has limitations. In this article, a new approach for extracting moso bamboo parameters using airborne laser scanning (ALS) and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) point cloud data is proposed. Using the field-surveyed coordinates of plot corner points and the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm, the ALS and TLS point clouds were aligned. Considering the difference in point distribution of ALS, TLS, and the merged point cloud, individual bamboo plants were segmented from the ALS point cloud using the point cloud segmentation (PCS) algorithm, and individual bamboo plants were segmented from the TLS and the merged point cloud using the comparative shortest-path (CSP) method. The cylinder fitting method was used to estimate the diameter at breast height (DBH) of the segmented bamboo plants. The accuracy was calculated by comparing the bamboo parameter values extracted by the above methods with reference data in three sample plots. The comparison results showed that by using the merged data, the detection rate of moso bamboo plants could reach up to 97.30%; the R2 of the estimated bamboo height was increased to above 0.96, and the root mean square error (RMSE) decreased from 1.14 m at most to a range of 0.35-0.48 m, while the R2 of the DBH fit was increased to a range of 0.97-0.99, and the RMSE decreased from 0.004 m at most to a range of 0.001-0.003 m. The accuracy of moso bamboo parameter extraction was significantly improved by using the merged point cloud data.

A label-free immunosensor based on an N-doped laser direct graphene (N-LIG)/Au electrode was proposed for H1N1 influenza virus detection. By utilizing the instantaneous high temperature of laser irradiation, N atoms are generated by the decomposition of melamine dripped onto the surface of an LIG electrode to obtain N-LIG with higher conductivity. The doping of N atoms provides a large number of active sites for LIG microelectrodes. Combined with the electrodeposition of Au NPs, and covalently crosslinking antibodies, a simple, highly sensitive and stable immunosensing interface is constructed. The proposed H1N1 influenza virus immunosensor has a detection range of 0.01 fg mL-1 to 10 ng mL-1 with a detection limit as low as 0.004 fg mL-1. The constructed sensor has ultra-high sensitivity and good selectivity and can be used for complex biological sample analysis, with potential application prospects in preventing the large-scale spread of influenza. Taking advantage of N-LIG electrode\'s properties will provide opportunities for developing portable electrochemical biosensors for health and environmental applications.