This study explores the mediating role of self-regulation in the relationship between bullying victimization and depressive symptoms among adolescents, considering the moderating effects of gender and region. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted with 3984 adolescents aged 12-18 from the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the Netherlands. Data were collected via an online survey administered through Qualtrics. The survey included validated measures such as the Illinois Bullying Scale (IBS) to measure bullying victimization, the Adolescent Self-Regulatory Inventory (ASRI) to measure self-regulation, and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) to measure depression. The SPSS macro PROCESS was employed for data analysis, with model 4 used for testing the mediating effects of self-regulation and model 1 for assessing the moderating effects of gender and region. The results demonstrated significant associations between bullying victimization, self-regulation, and depressive symptoms. Self-regulation mediated the positive association between bullying victimization and depression, with notable variations across genders and regions. Specifically, male students in Hong Kong exhibited an increased susceptibility to depression when subjected to bullying. These findings underscore the protective role of self-regulation in mitigating the adverse effects of bullying victimization on adolescent mental health. Implications for interventions and prevention strategies targeting adolescent depression are discussed.

This paper explores the intersection of gender and sports participation in adolescence, focusing on traditionally male-dominated sports like football. We aim to develop a structural model based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to examine gender-differentiated patterns and factors influencing adolescent participation in football. We analyzes data from 1,147 adolescents using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results indicate that a blend of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and past behavior effectively predicts adolescents\' willingness to engage in football. Moreover, the study investigates the roles of perceived behavioral control, past behavior, and behavioral intentions in actual football participation, uncovering significant gender disparities in the progression from past behavior to intentions and subsequent behavior. This research highlights the complex role of gender in football participation and provides strategic insights for increasing girls\' involvement in the sport. Our study sets the stage for future research on enhancing girls\' participation in football.

UNASSIGNED: To explore safety differences and perform a gender-based analysis of adverse events related to gemcitabine and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine using the U.S. FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database.
UNASSIGNED: Using the Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR) and Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR) methods, adverse events associated with gemcitabine and BCG were mined from FAERS database reports spanning from Q1 2004 to Q3 2023.
UNASSIGNED: The study extracted 37,855 reports with gemcitabine and 5,455 reports with BCG as the primary suspected drugs. Adverse events were more prevalent in males (male-to-female ratio: gemcitabine 1.10, BCG 4.25). Differences in high-frequency adverse events among the top 20 signals were detected for both drugs. Both drugs affected similar organ systems, including potential pulmonary, ocular, and renal toxicity, with gemcitabine showing a broader range of adverse events. Gender analysis revealed fewer adverse reactions to gemcitabine in females, while males had fewer adverse reactions to BCG.
UNASSIGNED: Differences in high-frequency adverse events between gemcitabine and BCG, including some not listed on drug labels, were observed. Both drugs affect similar organ systems, with gemcitabine showing a broader range of adverse events. Gender differences in adverse events were notable.

UNASSIGNED: Watching short videos on mobile phones is currently a very prevalent phenomenon. It has been found in research that excessive use of short videos is closely related to depression. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between short video overuse behavior and depression among college students as well as the gender differences that are present in such relationship.
UNASSIGNED: A follow-up measurement was conducted on 331 college students using the Short Video Usage Behavior Scale and the Epidemic Research Center Depression Scale with an interval of 2 months.
UNASSIGNED: (1) Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between short video overuse behavior and depression, whether measured at the same or different time points, repeated measures ANOVA indicates that short video overuse behavior and depression have strong stability within the interval between two measurements. (2) Pre-test short video overuse behavior could significantly and positively predict post-test depression, whereas pre-test depression could not significantly predict post-test short video overuse behavior. (3) The cross-lagged effect between short video overuse behavior and depression showed no gender differences.
UNASSIGNED: These findings indicate that, for college students, short video overuse behavior may increase the risk of depression, whereas depression cannot induce short video overuse behavior.

BACKGROUND: Preschool represents the budding and initial stage of bullying behavior, where perpetration of physical bullying predominates as the primary form of bullying. An in-depth understanding of the factors linked to preschool physical bullying behavior is crucial for enabling early prevention and intervention strategies.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between Theory of Mind and physical bullying behavior in 4-6 years old children in kindergarten and the mediating role of peer rejection and gender in this relationship.
METHODS: Data on perpetration of physical bullying and peer rejection were obtained from 310 preschool children (age range = 52-79 months, M = 66.85, SD = 7.04) by the peer nomination method, and their Theory of Mind was measured by the Theory of Mind Development Scale.
RESULTS: The results showed that Theory of Mind negatively predicted perpetration of physical bullying in preschool children and that Theory of Mind was related to perpetration of physical bullying in preschool children only through peer rejection. Boys were also found to have a stronger association between peer rejection and perpetration of physical bullying in preschool children than girls.
CONCLUSIONS: Peer rejection may play a mediating role between Theory of Mind and perpetration of physical bullying in preschool children. In addition, the relationship between peer rejection and perpetration of physical bullying appears to be stronger for boys than for girls. This contributes to our understanding of the relationship between Theory of Mind and perpetration of physical bullying in preschool children and has implications for how bullying prevention and intervention can be tailored to the gender of young children.

BACKGROUND: Older migrant workers (OMWs) in China face unique challenges rooted in their early life experiences, which increase their vulnerability to psychological and behavioral problems in adulthood. By utilizing the cumulative disadvantage model and the social-ecological systems theory, this study explored the effect of childhood family adversity on adulthood depression in the mediating roles of OMWs\' social-ecological microsystem and mesosystem and further examined gender differences in these associations.
METHODS: Data were collected from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), involving a sample of 4,309 OMWs aged 50 and above. The measures included the Center for Epidemiological Research Depression Scale, childhood family adversity, socioeconomic status, marital quality, and physical and cognitive health.
RESULTS: Childhood family adversity was positively associated with adulthood depression among OMWs. Social microsystem (physical and cognitive health) and mesosystem (marital quality and socioeconomic status) factors significantly mediated this relationship. Multi-group analysis revealed that the mediating effects of marital quality and socioeconomic status were stronger for female OMWs, while the mediating effects of physical and cognitive health were stronger for male OMWs.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that childhood family adversity has a lasting impact on the mental health of OMWs, and that social-ecological systems factors play an important role in this relationship. The study also highlights the need for gender-specific interventions to address the mental health needs of OMWs.

This research aims to uncover gender-specific relationships and pathways that contribute to the perpetration of violent crimes, using sophisticated analytical tools to analyze the complex interactions between various factors. Employing Mixed Graphical Models and Bayesian networks, the study analyzes a sample of 1,254 prisoners (61.64% males and 38.36% females) to investigate the relationships among demographic factors, mental health issues, and violent crime. The study utilizes comprehensive measures, including the Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, to assess participants\' mental health status.Key findings reveal significant gender differences in the pathways to violent crime. For males, incomplete parental marriages strongly correlate with criminal behavior severity, while marriage status emerges as a significant factor, with married males less likely to commit violent crimes. In contrast, these relationships are not significant for females. Bayesian network analysis indicates that living in urban areas differently influences education and emotional expression across genders, emphasizing the importance of contextual factors. The study highlights the need for gender-specific considerations in criminal justice policies and interventions. It underscores the complex interplay of demographic and mental health factors in influencing violent crime pathways, providing insights for developing more effective prevention strategies. Despite its cross-sectional design and reliance on self-reported data, the research significantly contributes to understanding the gendered dimensions of criminal behavior.

UNASSIGNED: Identifying risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is critical for effective prevention and management. While classic CVD risk factors have been extensively studied, there is a scarcity of research on the association between snoring and CVD risk, particularly in the context of sex differences.
UNASSIGNED: This study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2015 and 2020. Participants were initially categorized based on the severity of snoring or the presence of snoring.Within the snoring group, they were further classified by sex. Analysis was carried out using multivariate logistic regression.
UNASSIGNED: Our study included 12,681 participants aged 18 years or older. When compared to the non-snoring group, individuals in the moderate snoring group had a higher odds ratio (OR) of 1.418 (95% CI 1.083 to 1.857, p = 0.011), while those in the severe snoring group had a higher OR of 1.882 (95% CI 1.468 to 2.409, p < 0.001). In the snoring group, individuals were further categorized by gender: 4527 males and 4131 females. Importantly, male patients showed a higher OR for atrial fibrillation (4.945, 95% CI 1.187 to 20.598, p = 0.028) compared to females. Additionally, male patients had a higher OR for coronary heart disease (2.002, 95% CI 1.152 to 3.479, p = 0.014) compared to females.
UNASSIGNED: Sex plays a significant role in the relationship between snoring and CVD risk. Males with snoring have a higher risk of developing CVD compared to females. In particular, male snorers are nearly five times more likely to develop atrial fibrillation and about twice as likely to experience coronary artery disease in comparison to female snorers. It is recommended that healthcare providers and public health officials prioritize cardiovascular risk assessments for male individuals who exhibit symptoms of snoring.

Mathematics anxiety (MA) is a widespread phenomenon that affects an individual\'s learning of mathematics. MA between different genders has been of great interest to researchers. Meta-analysis was used to examine the relationship between MA and gender in Chinese children, along with the influencing factors. After literature search and screening, 83 papers and 91 independent samples met the inclusion criteria. The results of the main effect test of the random effect model revealed a correlation of significant levels between MA and gender, r = -0.131, 95%CI [-0.158, -0.105], Z = -9.508, and p < 0.001. Girls had higher MA than boys. The outcomes of the moderating effect test indicated that the moderating effect of age, economic region and measurement instrument in the relationship between MA and gender was significant. But the moderating effect of period was not significant. Specifically, gender differences in MA were greater at the middle school compared to the elementary school. And the greatest correlation between children\'s MA and gender was in the western region. The gender difference of MA measured by different instruments varied.

UNASSIGNED: This study examines the association between Hemoglobin Glycation Index (HGI) and the risk of mortality among individuals with hypertension and to explore gender-specific effects.
UNASSIGNED: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2018 were analyzed. Three models were constructed to assess the relationship between HGI and mortality risks, controlling for various covariates. Nonlinear relationships were explored using restricted cubic splines (RCS) and threshold effect analysis.
UNASSIGNED: The findings reveal a U-shaped relationship between HGI and the cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality after adjusting for multiple covariates. Gender- specific analysis indicated a U-shaped relationship in men, with threshold points of -0.271, and 0.115, respectively. Before the threshold point, HGI was negatively associated with CVD mortality (HR: 0.64, 95%CI: 0.44, 0.93, P=0.02) and all-cause mortality (HR: 0.84, 95%CI: 0.71, 0.99), and after the threshold point, HGI was positively associated with CVD mortality (HR: 1.48, 95%CI: 1.23, 1.79, P<0.01) and all-cause mortality (HR: 1.41, 95%CI: 1.24, 1.60). In contrast, HGI had a J-shaped relationship with CVD mortality and a L-shaped relationship with all-cause mortality in females. Before the threshold points, the risk of all-cause mortality decreased (HR: 0.66, 95%CI:0.56, 0.77, P=0.04) and after the threshold points, the risk of CVD mortality increased (HR: 1.39, 95%CI:1.12, 1.72, P<0.01) progressively with increasing HGI.
UNASSIGNED: The research highlights the significance of maintaining proper HGI levels in individuals with hypertension and validates HGI as a notable indicator of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality risks. It also highlights the significant role of gender in the relationship between HGI and these risks.