UNASSIGNED: To analyze gender differences in authorship of North American (Canadian and American) and international published otolaryngology-head and neck surgery (OHNS) clinical practice guidelines (CPG) over a 17-year period.
UNASSIGNED: Clinical practice guidelines published between 2005 and 2022 were identified through the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technology in Health (CADTH) search strategy in MEDLINE and EMBASE. Studies were included if they were original studies, published in the English language, and encompassed Canadian, American, or international OHNS clinical practice guidelines.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 145 guidelines were identified, encompassing 661 female authors (27.4%) and 1756 male authors (72.7%). Among OHNS authors, women and men accounted for 21.2% and 78.8% of authors, respectively. Women who were involved in guideline authorship were 31.0% less likely to be an otolaryngologist compared to men. There were no gender differences across first or senior author and by subspeciality. Female otolaryngologist representation was the greatest in rhinology (28.3%) and pediatrics (26.7%). American guidelines had the greatest proportion of female authors per guideline (34.1%) and the greatest number of unique female authors (33.2%).
UNASSIGNED: Despite the increasing representation of women in OHNS, gender gaps exist with regards to authorship within clinical practice guidelines. Greater gender diversity and transparency is required within guideline authorship to help achieve equitable gender representation and the development of balanced guidelines with a variety of viewpoints.

There is an increasing burden of cardiovascular disease, including coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart failure (HF), among women Veterans. Clinical practice guidelines recommend multiple pharmacotherapies that can reduce risk of mortality and adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
To determine if there are disparities in the use of guideline-directed medical therapy by gender among Veterans with incident CAD and HF.
Retrospective.
Veterans (934,504; 87.8% men and 129,469; 12.2% women) returning from Operations Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom, and New Dawn.
Differences by gender in the prescription of Class 1, Level of Evidence A guideline-directed medical therapy among patients who developed incident CAD and HF at 30 days, 90 days, and 12 months after diagnosis. For CAD, medications included statins and antiplatelet therapy. For HF, medications included beta-blockers and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors.
Overall, women developed CAD and HF at a younger average age than men (mean 45.8 vs. 47.7 years, p<0.001; and 43.7 vs. 45.4 years, p<0.02, respectively). In the 12 months following a diagnosis of incident CAD, the odds of a woman receiving a prescription for at least one CAD drug was 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68-1.08) compared to men. In the 12 months following a diagnosis of incident HF, the odds of a woman receiving at least one HF medication was 0.54 (95% CI, 0.37-0.79) compared to men.
Despite guideline recommendations, young women Veterans have approximately half the odds of being prescribed guideline-directed medical therapy within 1-year after a diagnosis of HF. These results highlight the need to develop targeted strategies to minimize gender disparities in CVD care to prevent adverse outcomes in this young and growing population.

BACKGROUND: When addressing the variable \"gender\" in health research designs, a distinction is made between biological (\"sex\") and sociocultural or psychosocial aspects (\"gender\"). In health research, it is important to avoid systematic errors that may result when gender aspects are inappropriately or not sufficiently addressed (so-called gender bias). A gender bias occurs, for instance, when the presence of gender differences is assumed without empirical evidence or when research data that was generated from samples of male participants is automatically applied to women. Funding institutions can create incentives for researchers to integrate gender-sensitive analyses into their research projects and to consider the potential influence of the \"gender\" variable. The aim of this study was to explore which explicit requirements concerning gender aspects applicants to German funding institutions in the various health sectors need to meet in their research designs.
METHODS: From March to June 2019, we researched funding institutions in the health sector at the German federal level. We examined the funding guidelines of each identified institution in light of their requirements for applicants to take gender aspects into consideration in their research. We explored this in a two-step procedure (online document search and e-mail contact).
RESULTS: We examined 18 institutions. Information on the requirements for applicants to address gender aspects in their research projects was identified for four institutions: the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, the German Federal Ministry of Health, the German Research Foundation, and the Volkswagen Stiftung. In particular, the consideration of gender aspects for planned research projects was used as an evaluation criterion in the institutions\' application guidelines available online. If considered relevant for a planned research project, the consideration of gender aspects affects project planning, implementation and evaluation of results. Eight institutions had no such requirements. For the remaining six institutions, we were not able to find any such information, neither by document research nor through e-mail contact.
CONCLUSIONS: Only a few funding institutions in the health sector have so far included requirements regarding the consideration of the \"gender\" variable in health research in their application guidelines. Furthermore, the funding institutions\' requirements are somewhat heterogeneous and need standardization. Funding institutions in the health sector could identify research needs and set new research priorities in order to expand the empirical evidence on gender aspects in the various health sectors and to increase the social benefit of the scientific results obtained. In this way, applicants can be sensitized and encouraged to consider gender aspects in their research projects and, if necessary, to conduct them in a gender-differentiated manner.

data are sparse on age- and sex-related differences in use of guideline-recommended care and subsequent mortality among patients with heart failure (HF).
we identified 24,308 incident patients with a verified primary diagnosis of HF recorded during 2003-2010 in the Danish Heart Failure Registry. The registry monitors guideline-recommended processes of care: echocardiography, New York Heart Association Classification, treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers, betablockers, physical training and patient education.
older age was associated with lower use of recommended processes of care. Relative risk (RR) for receiving processes of care varied for men >80 years from 0.52 to 0.91 compared with men ≤65 years. Corresponding RRs among women >80 years varied from 0.55 to 0.89 compared with women ≤65 years. Older age was as expected associated with higher 1 year mortality (32.6% among men >80 years versus 5.4% among men ≤65 years and 33.8% among women >80 years versus 6.6% among women ≤65 years). The corresponding hazard ratios (HRs) were 4.54 (95% CI 3.93-5.25) and 4.08 (95% CI 3.51-4.75) for the oldest versus youngest men and women, after adjustment for patient characteristics. Adjustment for differences in care lowered HRs among the oldest age groups (adjusted HR 3.87 for men and 3.48 for women, respectively). The findings were also confirmed when stratifying the patients according to left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40% and >40%.
older patients with HF were less likely to receive guideline-recommended processes of care, irrespective of sex. Lower level of care may contribute to an excess mortality observed among the older patients.