谷氨酰胺,体内最丰富的氨基酸,在保持免疫功能方面发挥着关键作用,氮平衡,肠道完整性,和抵抗感染。然而,其有限的溶解度和不稳定性对其使用功能性营养素提出了挑战。因此,优选使用谷氨酰胺衍生的肽作为实现增强的功能性的替代物。本文旨在综述谷氨酰胺单体在临床上的应用,体育,和肠内营养。它比较了单体和谷氨酰胺衍生肽的功能有效性,并根据其分类对谷氨酰胺衍生肽进行了全面评估,准备,吸收机制,和生物活性。此外,这项研究探索了基于人工智能(AI)的肽和合成生物学在从头设计和大规模生产这些肽的潜在整合。结果表明,谷氨酰胺衍生肽具有显著的结构相关的生物活性,其中较小的分子量部分用作主要活性成分。这些肽具有促进肠道稳态的能力,发挥降压和降血糖作用,并显示抗氧化性能。然而,在现阶段,我们对谷氨酰胺衍生肽结构-功能关系的理解仍在很大程度上是探索性的.基于AI的肽和合成生物学的结合为探索谷氨酰胺衍生肽作为功能性食品成分的未开发资源提供了机会。此外,这些肽的利用和生物利用度可以通过使用体内递送系统来提高。这篇评论为未来的研究和发现的发展提供了宝贵的参考,功能验证,谷氨酰胺衍生肽在食品科学中的生物制造。
Glutamine, the most abundant amino acid in the body, plays a critical role in preserving immune function, nitrogen balance, intestinal integrity, and resistance to infection. However, its limited solubility and instability present challenges for its use a functional nutrient. Consequently, there is a preference for utilizing glutamine-derived peptides as an alternative to achieve enhanced functionality. This article aims to review the applications of glutamine monomers in clinical, sports, and enteral nutrition. It compares the functional effectiveness of monomers and glutamine-derived peptides and provides a comprehensive assessment of glutamine-derived peptides in terms of their classification, preparation, mechanism of absorption, and biological activity. Furthermore, this study explores the potential integration of artificial intelligence (AI)-based peptidomics and synthetic biology in the de novo design and large-scale production of these peptides. The findings reveal that glutamine-derived peptides possess significant structure-related bioactivities, with the smaller molecular weight fraction serving as the primary active ingredient. These peptides possess the ability to promote intestinal homeostasis, exert hypotensive and hypoglycemic effects, and display antioxidant properties. However, our understanding of the structure-function relationships of glutamine-derived peptides remains largely exploratory at current stage. The combination of AI based peptidomics and synthetic biology presents an opportunity to explore the untapped resources of glutamine-derived peptides as functional food ingredients. Additionally, the utilization and bioavailability of these peptides can be enhanced through the use of delivery systems in vivo. This review serves as a valuable reference for future investigations of and developments in the discovery, functional validation, and biomanufacturing of glutamine-derived peptides in food science.