This essay aims to rectify a failure on the part of Western philosophers of technology to attend to the creative philosophical work of Li Bocong at the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. After a brief account of Li Bocong\'s personal contacts with the West and some remarks on his relationship to Marxism, we take up three aspects of his philosophy that can contribute to enlarging Western philosophical thinking about engineering and technology: (1) Li\'s analysis of engineering as more than design, (2) his argument for the relevance of the sociology of engineering, and (3) his conceptualization of engineering ethics as more than professional ethics.

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BACKGROUND: At present, the effect of western-medicine (WM) therapy to treat diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is limited. Moxibustion is a representative external treatment in traditional Chinese medicine that has been beneficial to DPN. We aim to systematically assess the efficacy and safety of moxibustion in treating DPN, following PRISMA guidelines.
METHODS: Eight electronic databases were searched to acquire information on eligible trials published from inception to June 1, 2019. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) applying moxibustion therapy with a minimum of 14-days treatment duration for DPN patients compared with placebo, no intervention, or conventional WM interventions. The primary outcomes in our study include the sensory-nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) and motor-nerve conduction velocity (MNCV). We used the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias tool to assess the methodological quality of eligible RCTs. Statistical analyses were conducted using Review Manager 5.3. Risk ratios (RR) and mean differences (MD) were calculated with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The χ test was applied to assess the heterogeneity.
RESULTS: In total, 11 RCTs were included that involved 927 DPN patients. Compared with the control group, there was an increase in median MNCV (MD = 6.26, 95% CI 2.64-9.89, Z = 3.39, P = .0007) and peroneal MNCV (MD = 6.45, 95% CI 5.30-7.61, P < .00001). There was also an increase in median SNCV (MD = 6.64, 95% CI 3.25-10.03, P = .0001) and peroneal SNCV (MD = 3. 57, 95% CI 2.06-5.09, Z = 4.63, P < .00001) in the treatment groups. The treatment groups receiving moxibustion therapy indicated a more significant improvement in total effectiveness rate (RR = 0.25, 95% CI 0.18-0.37, Z = 7.16, P < .00001). Toronto Clinical Scoring System indicated a significant decrease in the treatment groups (MD = -2.12, 95% CI -2.82 to 1.43, P < .00001). Only 1 study reported that treatment groups experienced no adverse reactions. The other 10 studies did not mention adverse events.
CONCLUSIONS: Moxibustion therapy may be an effective and safe option for DPN patients but needs to be verified in further rigorous studies.

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Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are life-threatening serious conditions that require effective and quick management. Although it is generally acknowledged that patients with AAA obtain the greatest benefit from endovascular repair (EVAR) compared to open surgical repair (OSR), there are few comparisons between the surgical approaches in Western versus Chinese patients. We aimed to perform a meta-analysis of studies in which EVAR was compared with OSR in the management of abdominal aortic aneurysms. We searched the Western literature through PubMed, OVID and Web of Science from 1991 until December 2018 and the Chinese-language literature from 1998 until December 2018. We pooled the results in January 2019 based on standardized inclusion and exclusion criteria and analyzed them using a conventional meta-analysis. Forty-five English papers with 31,074 AAA patients and twenty-one Chinese studies with 1,405 patients were included in this study. Chinese subjects were more likely to undergo endovascular repair than Western subjects (44.5% versus 41.5%, P = 0.012). The 30-day post-discharge mortality rate in Western studies was significantly lower for EVAR than for OSR (odds ratio (OR) = 0.481, P < 0.001). However, there was no significant reduction in the 30-day mortality rate following EVAR compared to OSR (OR = 0.733, P = 0.425) for Chinese patients. In Western patients, the postoperative complication rate of respiratory system and cardiac system was lower in the EVAR group than in the OSR group (OR = 0.270, P < 0.001 and OR = 0.411, P < 0.001, respectively), nevertheless, for Chinese patients, limb ischaemia was more common (OR = 1.539, P = 0.049) in the EVAR group. Whether in Western patients with an eight-year follow-up period or Chinese patients with a maximum four-year follow-up period, there was no significant difference between the EVAR and OSR groups in the all-cause death rate (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.026, P = 0.483 and HR = 1.173, P = 0.247, respectively). Chinese patients were more likely to receive EVAR than OSR and the 30-day mortality was significantly lower for EVAR than for OSR in Western patients but not in Chinese patients. Endovascular repair can be applied to Chinese patients with a reasonable safety margin. Further work is needed to explore the causes of these treatment differences.

During the late Ming and early Qing period, Jesuit missionaries introduced European science into China, and thereby profoundly influenced the later development of Chinese astronomy. Not only did European astronomy become the official system of the Qing dynasty, but the traditional way to \'attain up above\' by connecting the study of astronomy and Yi learning gradually fell into disuse. However, the astronomers in this period expressed different views on these two processes. As one of the most important early Qing astronomers, Xue Fengzuo\'s case presents a distinctive and important example. Firstly, under the influences of both Chinese tradition and European science, Xue Fengzuo rebuilt the way to \'attain up above\' based on his three-fold \'calendrical learning\', i.e. calendrical astronomy, astrology and related pragmatic applications, through which he could realize the highest Confucian ideal. Secondly, he integrated Chinese and Western knowledge for all three aspects of his \'calendrical learning\', instead of ceding the dominant position to Western methods. From Xue Fengzuo\'s example, many of the complex effects of the encounter between different cultures and the process of knowledge transfer can be revealed.

Paper media including the People\'s Daily, Guangming Daily, Health News and Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine were the main media that spread the thought and policy of integrative medicine (IM) in the early stage of the integration of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Western medicine (WM) in China. Issues including paper media and its roles for spreading IM, from \"TCM learning from WM\" to \"WM learning from TCM\", advocating integration of TCM and WM, promoting IM through multiple channels were analyzed in this article, so as to show the propagation process of IM in China and the roles of the paper media. It was shown that strengthening the propaganda of IM through mainstream media, strengthening media convergence and the role of new media are important in spreading the thought of IM.

To evaluate the clinical efficacy of combined therapy of Zushima tablet and western medicine in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and analyze the MRI test results. A total of 170 patients who had been treated for rheumatoid arthritis at our hospital from August 2016 and June 2018, were enrolled as research objects. They were randomly divided into control group and research group, with 85 patients in each group. The patients in the control group were treated with western medicine, while patients in the research group were treated with combined therapy of Zushima tablet and western medicine. The clinical efficacies of two groups were compared. results showed that the overall effective rate of the research group was higher than that of the control group (p<0.05). Various clinical symptoms including joint swelling, joint tenderness, duration of morning stiffness for both groups before and after treatment were recorded, and results showed that the improvement of the research group was significantly better than that of the control group (p<0.05). Application of combined therapy of Zushima tablet and western medicine in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis could lead to favorable effects and improvement of the patients\' clinical symptoms.

BACKGROUND: A central topic is to bring traditional medicine to a new horizon by integrating the latest advances in genomic, metabolomic, and system biological approaches, in order to re-examine the wisdom and knowledge of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and other traditional medicines.
OBJECTIVE: A new consortium has been formed at a conference of the Harvard Medical School, Boston, on October 29-30, 2018. The main goal was to build a collaborative platform for the scientific investigation of traditional medicine with cutting edge sciences and technologies at the forefront of biomedicine.
RESULTS: Traditional medicines are largely experience-based, but the scientific basis is largely non-satisfactory. Therefore, the transformation from experience-based to evidence-based medicine would be an important step forward. The consortium covers three main fields: TCM diagnostics, acupuncture and TCM pharmacology. Diseases occur because of regulatory imbalances of holistic physiological display and genetic information/expression related to systems biology and energy consumption/release (e.g. cold and hot) within body. As organs are interconnected by meridians, affecting the meridians by acupuncture and medicinal herbs restores healthy organ function and body balance. There are two concepts in herbal medicine: The traditional way is based on complex herbal mixtures. The second concept is related to Western pharmacological drug development including the isolation of bioactive phytochemicals, which are subjected to preclinical and clinical investigations.
CONCLUSIONS: Development of collaborative scientific project to integrate the best of both worlds - Western and Eastern medicine into a \"One World Integrative Medicine\" for the sake of patients worldwide.