This essay aims to rectify a failure on the part of Western philosophers of technology to attend to the creative philosophical work of Li Bocong at the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. After a brief account of Li Bocong\'s personal contacts with the West and some remarks on his relationship to Marxism, we take up three aspects of his philosophy that can contribute to enlarging Western philosophical thinking about engineering and technology: (1) Li\'s analysis of engineering as more than design, (2) his argument for the relevance of the sociology of engineering, and (3) his conceptualization of engineering ethics as more than professional ethics.

The aim of this article is to introduce the 19th century neurosurgery books to reveal their contributions to modern neurosurgery. Methods In this study, 29 books were accessed, and reviewed, and the resources from the late 18th century and early 20th century were included. However, neurology or general surgery books that included neurosurgical subjects or chapter were excluded unless there were revolutionary ideas in their relevant chapters. The books of this period observed to have some common differences from the books that were written in the previous century. Parallel to the concept of cerebral localization, which started to develop in this period, neurosurgery evolved from skull surgery to brain surgery. Due to the advancements in patient care, anesthesia and sterile techniques, surgical medical branches showed rapid development in the 1800s. During this period, cerebral localization concept changed the comprehension and approach in neurosurgery and opened the gate of a new era in the field of neurological surgery unlike other branches and helped to establish modern neurosurgery. 19th century surgeons became able to operate on more complex cases with more advanced techniques. Knowledge of published pioneer papers and books help understanding of emergence of neurological surgery as a separate discipline.

We present a social-historical perspective on the evolution of the voice-hearing phenomenon in Western society. Based upon a systematic search from a selection of nine databases, we trace the way hearing voices has been understood throughout the ages. Originally, hearing voices was considered a gifted talent for accessing the divine, but the progressive influence of monotheistic religion gradually condemned the practice to social marginalization. Later, the medical and psychiatric professions of secular society were instrumental in attaching stigma to both voice hearers and the phenomenon itself, thereby reinforcing social exclusion. More recently, the re-integration of voice hearers into the community by health authorities in various countries appears to have provided a new, socially acceptable setting for the phenomenon.

Residual kidney function (RKF) is defined as the production of a clinically significant amount of urine in dialysis patients. Observational studies suggest that those with preserved RKF have a better prognosis than anuric patients. Preserved RKF allows the prescription of a lower dialysis dose compared to the traditional thrice weekly schedule. Such an \"incremental\" approach has also been associated with a better global prognosis. In view of the overall growth of incremental HD in the western world, we review the main studies supporting this approach, as well as the benefits and limitations related to RKF preservation.
Chez les patients hémodialysés, la fonction rénale résiduelle (FRR) est définie comme la production d’une quantité d’urine significative du point de vue clinique. Les données observationnelles suggèrent que les patients en hémodialyse (HD) ayant une FRR conservée ont un meilleur pronostic que les patients anuriques. Une FRR préservée permet également la prescription d’une dose d’HD inférieure au schéma traditionnel de 3 séances par semaine. Ce type d’approche « incrémentale » a elle aussi été associée à une amélioration du pronostic global. Au vu de l’essor de l’HD incrémentale dans les pays développés, nous revenons dans cet article sur les principales études qui soutiennent cette approche ainsi que sur les bénéfices et limitations liées à la préservation de la FRR.

Traditional animal models are increasingly being replaced by new approach methodologies (NAMs) which focus on predicting toxicity of chemicals based on mechanistic data rather than apical endpoint data usually obtained from animal models. Beyond in vitro genetic tests, however, only a handful of NAMs have been successfully implemented in regulatory decision-making processes, mostly in the cosmetics and chemicals sector. Regulatory guidance on food safety testing in many jurisdictions still relies on data obtained from animal studies. This is due to the lack of validated models to predict systemic toxicity, which is essential to develop health-based guidance values for food additives. Other factors limiting the adoption of NAMs into food safety assessment include sector legislation lagging behind scientific progress, and lack of training and expertise to use the new models. While regulatory and industry bodies are working to combat these challenges, more needs to be done before these models can be used as standalone tools for regulatory decision-making. This review summarizes the current state and challenges of regulatory acceptance of NAMs for decision-making, and the efforts by governing bodies and industry to transition from animal testing for food safety assessments.

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Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a mini-invasive technique allowing to resect superficial lesions of the digestive tract and maintaining organ function. High technical expertise is required as well as a network approach with referring physicians, pathologists, radiologists, surgeons and oncologists. Rigorous selection of cases as well as endoscopic management of potential complications (hemorrhage, perforation) is mandatory. Therefore, ESD should preferably be performed in expert centers with high volumes of cases, in order to maintain competency and offer optimal patient\'s management. Most frequent indications in the Western world are early cancers of the esophagus, stomach and colon as well as non-non-lifting polyps and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST).
La dissection sous-muqueuse (DSM) est une technique permettant la résection des lésions superficielles du tube digestif, de façon mini-invasive, afin de conserver la fonction de l’organe atteint. L’expertise technique aboutissant à ce geste doit s’accompagner d’un travail en réseau associant médecins référents, pathologistes, radiologues, chirurgiens et oncologues. Elle nécessite une sélection rigoureuse des indications, ainsi que la maîtrise des complications éventuelles (hémorragie, perforation) et doit préférablement être réalisée en centre expert, avec un volume suffisant de cas afin de maintenir la compétence. Les indications les plus fréquentes en Occident concernent les cancers super­ficiels de l’œsophage, de l’estomac et du côlon ainsi que les polypes ne se soulevant pas lors de l’injection sous-muqueuse et les tumeurs stromales gastro-intestinales (GIST).

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects people from all age categories worldwide. Although the incidence of the disease is stabilizing or decreasing in most Western world countries, its prevalence is still increasing because of the rise in life expectancy and better disease management. This work intends to identify the trends related to IBD incidence nationwide, analyzing regional, sex, and age distributions.
Data were provided by the Portuguese Shared Services of the Ministry of Health. This study consisted of a retrospective analysis of all first consultations coded for \"Chronic enteritis/ulcerative colitis\" (D94) in a primary healthcare setting, between 2017 and 2020, in Portugal. The primary outcome measure was the IBD incidence rate per 100,000 inhabitants. We also calculated the incidence rate per person-year and forecasted incidence until 2024.
Between 2017 and 2019, the incidence rate of IBD in Portugal decreased from 54.9 to 48.6 per 100,000 inhabitants. The average incidence was 20 new cases of IBD per 1,000 person-year. It was predicted that, in December 2023, IBD incidence would reach 305.4 new cases (95% Prediction Interval 156.6-454.3), a similar result to the values forecasted for December 2021 (305.4, 95% Prediction Interval 197.3-413.6).
The incidence of IBD slightly declined from 2017 to 2019, and it is posed to stabilize in the future. The presented data are of the utmost importance for the characterization of IBD in Southern European countries and the establishment of future health policies in the setting of compounding prevalence in the Western world.

OBJECTIVE: This review aimed to demonstrate the self-care behaviours of first-generation Chinese immigrants with cardiovascular disease in western countries and identify related cultural factors.
BACKGROUND: Self-care is the cornerstone to mitigate disease symptoms and maintain health status. Chinese immigrants to western countries, operating within a cross-cultural context, may find self-care to manage their cardiovascular disease challenging.
METHODS: An integrative review was conducted.
METHODS: Seven databases were searched Scopus, ProQuest Health & Medicine, Medline (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), AMED (Ovid), PsycINFO and CINAHL, with output limited to peer-reviewed studies published from 2000 to 2020 in English or Chinese. Initially, 2037 papers were screened. Six papers were retained and critiqued using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Deductive and inductive approaches were utilised to analyse the findings. The PRISMA 2020 checklist informed review reportage.
RESULTS: In general, Chinese immigrants with cardiovascular disease took an active role in management of their cardiovascular disease, including through diet and activity adaptation and adherence to western medication. Families also played a significant role in disease decision-making and management. However, language and cultural barriers impeded their access to health information and resources in host countries.
CONCLUSIONS: Understanding self-care behaviours and associated cultural factors among Chinese immigrants with cardiovascular disease is important to improve nurses\' culturally sensitive practices and provide tailored health education interventions to promote self-care behaviours among immigrant populations. The scarcity of literature on self-care behaviours among Chinese first-generation immigrants with cardiovascular disease indicates the need for further research in this area. Development of culturally and linguistically sensitive health resources and education programs is urgently needed.