OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of concentrated growth factor (CGF) membrane and collagen as barrier materials in sealing the alveolar socket in alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) in the posterior region during a one-year follow-up.
METHODS: A total of 24 patients who underwent ARP in the posterior region were selected for inclusion and randomly assigned to the CGF group (12 cases) and Collagen group (12 cases). The patients in both groups underwent extraction of posterior teeth. The extraction sockets were filled with a bone substitute to the level of the pre-extraction buccal and lingual or palatal alveolar bone plates. The wounds in the CGF group were closed with a fabricated CGF overlaying the upper edge of the bone substitute material, whereas those in the Collagen group were closed with Bio-Oss Collagen. The implants were placed after 6 months. The evaluation was based on implant retention, re-grafting rate, and vertical and horizontal alveolar ridge bone volume changes measured by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 28.0 software.
RESULTS: No patient withdrew throughout the follow-up period. No implant failure and no severe peri-implant or mucosal soft tissue complications were observed. Six months after the operation, the degree of vertical alveolar ridge height resorption in the CGF group was lower than that in the Collagen group (P<0.05). There were no statistically difference between the groups at 1 year after the operation (P>0.05). The amount of bone reduction in horizontal alveolar ridge width showed no difference between the groups at 6 months and 1 year after surgery (P>0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: CGF membrane and Bio-Oss Collagen as barrier materials for posterior ARP inhibited reduction in alveolar ridge bone mass.
目的: 评价自体浓缩生长因子（CGF）膜和骨胶原作为屏障材料在后牙区牙槽嵴保存术（ARP）术后1年的骨组织保存效果。方法: 选取三壁及以上骨缺损需接受后牙区牙槽嵴保存术治疗的24例患者为研究对象，随机分配至CGF组（12例）和骨胶原组（Collagen组）（12例）。2组患者均拔除无法保留后牙，拔牙窝内填充异种移植物骨替代物Bio‐Oss®至拔牙前牙槽嵴顶处，CGF组将制取的CGF膜覆盖于骨替代材料上缘并封闭创口，Collagen组采用Bio-Oss® Collagen覆盖并封闭创口。牙槽峭保存术后6个月植入种植体。采用锥形束CT测量分析术后即刻、6个月和1年的垂直牙槽嵴骨高度和水平牙槽嵴骨宽度变化，评估种植术中再植骨率和植体存留率。采用SPSS 28.0软件对数据进行统计学分析。结果: 24例患者均完成术后1年随访，无1例退出试验或失访，无1例出现术后感染、出血和种植体周病等。术后6个月CGF组的垂直牙槽嵴骨高度减少量低于Collagen组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；术后1年CGF组和Collagen组垂直牙槽嵴骨高度的减少量差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。术后6个月、术后1年CGF组和Collagen组水平牙槽嵴骨宽度的减少量差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。2组种植术中再植骨率均为16.7%，植体存留率为100%。结论: CGF膜和Bio-Oss® Collagen作为后牙区牙槽嵴保存术的屏障材料，均能有效减少拔牙后牙槽骨吸收，保存牙槽骨。.

BACKGROUND: Tooth extraction procedures often lead to bone resorption, which can have adverse effects on the dimensions of the alveolar ridge. Research has shown that socket preservation techniques using bone graft substitutes can effectively minimize early bone loss in such cases. α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate (α-CSH) has garnered significant attention as a potential bone graft material due to its favorable properties, including osteoconductivity, angiogenic potential, and biocompatibility. Considering these facts, we developed a preliminary protocol for applying α-CSH in addressing alveolar bone loss following tooth extraction.
OBJECTIVE: This research\'s general objective is to evaluate the feasibility and initial effectiveness of α-CSH as bone-inducing graft material for socket preservation after tooth extraction.
METHODS: This preliminary clinical trial will involve 30 fresh extraction sockets from individuals aged 18-35 years. The participants will be divided into 2 groups: one group will receive α-CSH graft material after tooth extraction for socket preservation, while the other group will not receive any graft material. Throughout the study, the participants will be closely monitored for safety measures, which will include clinical examinations, radiographic imaging, and blood tests. Radiographic imaging will be used extensively to assist the progress of bone formation.
RESULTS: The study commenced enrollment in August 2022 and is scheduled to conclude post assessments and analyses by the end of 2023. The results of the study are anticipated to be accessible in late 2024.
CONCLUSIONS: This clinical study represents the initial investigation in humans to assess the feasibility and efficacy of α-CSH in alveolar bone regeneration. We hypothesize that the inclusion of α-CSH can greatly expedite the process of bone formation within fresh sockets, resulting in a swift restoration of bone height without the disadvantages associated with harvesting autogenous bone graft.
BACKGROUND: Indonesia Registry Center INA-D02FAHP; https://tinyurl.com/2jnf6n3s.
UNASSIGNED: DERR1-10.2196/49922.

The natural healing process of extraction socket and traditional socket plug material could not prevent buccal bone wall resorption and down growth of epithelium from the socket orifice. A multiphase bioactive socket plug (BP) is designed to overcome the natural healing process by maintaining the three-dimensional (3D) volume of extraction sockets, particularly in sockets with wall defects, and later provide sufficient alveolar bone volume for implant placement. The study aimed to fabricate and evaluate the physical, chemical, and biological performance of BPin vitro. The BP was fabricated through freeze-drying and layer-by-layer assembly, comprised of a base serving as a scaffold, a central portion for promoting bone regeneration, an upper buccal portion for maintaining alveolar socket dimension with a covering collagen membrane (Memb) on the top and upper buccal surface to prevent soft tissue infiltration. The BP as the experimental group and a pure collagen plug (CP) as the control group were investigated and compared. Radiograph, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy mapping confirmed that the four-part BP was successfully assembled and fabricated. Swelling rate analysis indicated that BP, CP, and Memb reached swelling equilibrium within 1 hour. BP exhibited a high remaining weight percentage in collagenase solution (68.81 ± 2.21% on day 90) and sustained calcium ion release, reaching the maximum 0.13 ± 0.04 mmol l-1on day 14. In biological assays, BP exhibited excellent cell proliferation (The OD value increased from 0.02 on day 1 to 0.23 on day 21.). The BP group exhibited higher alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin content than the CP group within 21 days. Memb and BP exhibited outstanding barrier function, as evidenced by Hematoxylin and eosin staining. In summary, the multiphase bioactive socket plug represents a promising scaffold for alveolar ridge preservation application.

Objective: To accurately measure the dynamic changes of peri-implant soft tissue within one year after the immediate implant placement and provisionalization with the modified socket-shield technique (MSST) in the esthetic zone, and to provide a basis for evaluating the effect of the modified socket-shield technique on the maintenance of peri-implant soft tissue. Methods: A total of 22 patients (22 implants) were prospectively included 1 year after completion of immediate implant placement and provisionalization (IIPP) within MSST in the esthetic zone from January 2022 to January 2024 at the Department of Oral Implantology in the Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. The intraoral optical models of patients were obtained by an intraoral scanner system preoperatively and at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively, respectively. The standard tessellation language files of intraoral optical models at multiple time points were imported to Geomagic Studio 2013 to be superimposed and aligned for analyzing the peri-implant soft tissue contour on the labial side of the implant site at multiple levels. The amount of gingival margin recession, gingival papilla change, and thickness change of the labial side of the soft tissues at each postoperative point in time were measured at each postoperative time point, as well as evaluating the esthetic effect by the pink esthetic score (PES). Results: The patients were (40±13) years old (21-75 years), including 9 males and 13 females. No adverse events occurred in all the implants during the 12-month follow-up period. The recession level of the gingival margin of the implant site (GL) was 0.08 (0.07) mm, the recession level of the mesial papilla (ML) was 0.19 (0.25) mm, and the recession level of the distal papilla (DL) was 0.19 (0.10) mm. The average collapse thickness of the soft tissue contour on the labial side of the implant (ΔD) was (0.39±0.09) mm, mainly occurring within 2 mm of the root of the gingival margin. The height of the alveolar bone was reduced by (0.17±0.08) mm. The thickness of the labial alveolar bone at 1, 3, and 5 mm root side of the implant shoulder was reduced by (0.13±0.08), (0.12±0.10) and 0.04 (0.17) mm, respectively. The postoperative pink esthetic score was 13.00 (2.25) points at 12 months, which suggested that all implant sites achieved ideal esthetic results. Conclusions: The labial soft tissue contour at implant sites shows minimal change following immediate implant placement and provisionalization using the modified socket-shield technique for 1 year in the esthetic zone.
目的： 探讨改良牙根屏障技术（MSST）即刻种植即刻修复后1年内种植位点唇侧软组织的动态变化，为评估MSST对种植体周软组织的作用提供依据。 方法： 前瞻性纳入2022年1月至2024年1月于重庆医科大学附属口腔医院种植科完成MSST美学区即刻种植即刻修复术后1年的患者，分别于术前和术后3、6、12个月使用口内扫描仪获取患者口内光学模型，导入Geomagic Studio 2013软件进行多时间点虚拟轮廓重叠配准，于多个层面分析种植位点唇侧软组织轮廓变化，精确计算术后各时间点唇侧龈缘顶点冠根向变化量、龈乳头冠根向变化量及唇侧软组织轮廓唇腭向厚度平均变化量，并通过粉色美学评分进行美学效果评价。 结果： 共纳入患者22例（22枚种植体），患者年龄为（40±13）岁（21~75岁），包括9例男性和13例女性，12个月的随访观察期内，所有种植体均无不良事件发生。术后12个月种植位点唇侧龈缘顶点冠根向变化量为0.08（0.07）mm，近中龈乳头冠根向变化量为0.19（0.25）mm，远中龈乳头冠根向变化量为0.19（0.10）mm，唇侧软组织轮廓唇腭向厚度平均变化量为（0.39±0.09）mm，轮廓塌陷主要发生于龈缘根方2 mm内。种植位点唇侧牙槽骨高度变化量为（0.17±0.08）mm，种植体肩台根方1、3、5 mm处水平向唇侧牙槽骨厚度变化量分别为（0.13±0.08）、（0.12±0.10）、0.04（0.17）mm。粉色美学评分为13.00（2.25）分，所有种植位点均获得理想的美学效果。 结论： 利用MSST于美学区行即刻种植即刻修复，12个月随访观察期内，种植位点唇侧软组织轮廓变化微量。.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this retrospective clinical study was to compare the 5-year radiological and clinical outcomes of patients undergoing immediate implantation with or without the modified socket-shield technique.
METHODS: Patients who underwent anterior tooth replacement via the modified socket-shield technique (MSST) or the conventional immediate implantation technique (CIIT) between 2016 and 2017 were included. The labial bone thickness was assessed at different measurement levels (0, 2, 4 and 6 mm apical to the implant shoulder (IS)) postoperatively (T1), 6 months postoperatively (T2) and 5 years postoperatively (T3). The pink aesthetic score (PES) was evaluated before surgery (T0) and at T2 and T3. Implant success, complications and patient satisfaction were evaluated at every visit.
RESULTS: Thirty-six patients (18 in the MSST group) underwent follow-up for 5 years, with no cases of implant failure. Two cases of exposure were detected in the MSST group, but there were no significant effects on hard or soft tissue. Patients in the MSST group showed less and more stable bone resorption than did those in the CIIT group at any measurement level and any time. A higher PES was achieved in the MSST group. Patient satisfaction was similar in both groups.
CONCLUSIONS: The MSST is a reliable immediate implantation method because of its ability to preserve the alveolar bone and provide superior recovery of aesthetics.

The excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) will delay tooth extraction socket (TES) healing. In this study, we developed an injectable thermosensitive hydrogel (NBP@BP@CS) used to treat TES healing. The hydrogel formulation incorporated black phosphorus (BP) nanoflakes, recognized for their accelerated alveolar bone regeneration and ROS-scavenging properties, and dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP), a vasodilator aimed at enhancing angiogenesis. In vivo investigations strongly demonstrated that NBP@BP@CS improved TES healing due to antioxidation and promotion of alveolar bone regeneration by BP nanoflakes. The sustained release of NBP from the hydrogel promoted neovascularization and vascular remodeling. Our results demonstrated that the designed thermosensitive hydrogel provided great opportunity not only for ROS elimination but also for the promotion of osteogenesis and angiogenesis, reflecting the \"three birds with one stone\" concept, and has tremendous potential for rapid TES healing.

This study aimed to evaluate the properties of radiation cross-linked collagen scaffold (RCS) and its efficacy for alveolar ridge preservation (ARP). RCS was prepared from collagen dispersion by electron beam irradiation and freeze-drying. The microstructure, swelling ratio, area alteration and mechanical properties of RCS were characterized. Fifty-four New Zealand rabbits performing incisor extraction on maxilla and mandible were randomly assigned into positive, sham operation or treatment groups. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scans, performed after 1, 4, and 12 weeks of surgery, were to assess changes in ridge height at buccal and palatal side, in ridge width and in micromorphological parameters. Histological analysis accessed socket microarchitecture. The results showed that RCS had stable mechanical properties and morphologic features that provided a reliable physical support for ARP. Dimensional changes in treatment group revealed significantly greater vertical height at buccal (5.32 [3.37, 7.26] mm, p < .0001) and palatal (4.37 [2.66, 6.09] mm, p < .0001) side, and horizontal width at the maxilla (0.16 [0.04, 0.28] mm, p < .01) and mandible (0.33 [0.11, 0.54] mm, p < .01) than those in sham operation group after 12 weeks. The treatment group had advantage than positive group in vertical height preservation, quantitatively. The order and density of bone trabeculae were improved in treatment group. These findings indicated that RCS had the potential to serve as an effective scaffold for ARP.

This review was to offer a comprehensive analysis of currently available evidence on post-extraction alveolar socket healing, including i) the histological and molecular events during alveolar socket healing, ii) the dimensional ridge alterations after socket healing and controversies relating to sinus pneumatisation, iii) the patient-specific factors, procedural elements, and site-related variables influencing socket healing, iv) techniques and effectiveness of alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) procedure, and v) the philosophies and cost-effectiveness of ARP in clinical practice.
To investigate the dimensional profiles of the alveolar ridge following unassisted healing, an overview of systematic reviews was conducted in February 2024 by two independent reviewers. Four electronic databases were searched in Pubmed, Embase, Web of science and Cochrane Library between 2004 and 2024 to identify all relevant systematic reviews on post-extraction healing. A further manual search of reviews was also conducted. The articles were further reviewed in full text for relevance. The AMSTAR-2 appraisal tool was adopted to assess methodological quality. Current research pertaining to other listed objectives was objectively analysed in narration.
11 out of 459 retrieved studies were selected and ultimately covered in this review on the dimensional changes of alveolar ridge following natural healing: Seven systematic reviews and four systematic reviews with meta-analyses. The methodological quality of all included reviews was critically low.
This review thoroughly examines the healing profiles of post-extraction alveolar sockets and highlights the dynamic process with overlapping phases and the inter-individual variability in outcomes. ARP procedure is a potential strategy for facilitating prosthetic site development, while the current evidence is limited. Herein, an individualised and prosthetically driven approach is crucial. Further well sized and designed trials with novel biomaterials need to be undertaken, and the role of artificial intelligence in predicting healing and assisting clinical decision-making could be explored.
By advancing our understanding of alveolar socket healing and its management strategies, clinicians can make more informed decisions regarding patient and site level assessment and selection, surgical techniques, and biomaterial choices, ultimately contributing to the enhanced healing process with reduced complications and improved quality of life for patients undergoing tooth extraction and dental implant treatments.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in extraction sockets of periodontally compromised molars on soft tissue healing, postoperative pain, bone density and bone height changes. Methods: This study is a single-center, single-blind, randomized controlled superiority clinical trial. Thirty-eight periodontally compromised molars requiring extraction in patients attending the Department of Periodontology, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, from December 2022 to September 2023 were included, and randomly assigned to PDT group and control group. The control group received routine debridement after extraction, while PDT group received routine debridement followed by PDT. The bucco-lingual and mesio-distal wound distances at 7 and 14 d after extraction were measured, and then the wound closure rates were calculated. Evaluating the soft tissue healing indexes at 7 and 14 d after extraction. The visual analogue scale was used to assess the pain level at 6 h, 1 d, 2 d, and 3 d after tooth extraction. Apical radiographs were taken immediately and 2 months after extraction in order to compare the changes of the bone density and height. Results: The wound closure rate at 1 week was (78.08±5.45)% in PDT group and (71.03±6.82)% in control group, with significant differences (P<0.01). The wound closure rate at 2 weeks in PDT group [(85.88±3.84) %] was significantly higher than that in the control group [(81.66±3.79) %] (P<0.01), but did not reach the superiority value of the superiority test (superiority value=10%, 95%CI at 1 week: 3.00%-11.12%, 95%CI at 2 weeks: 1.71%-6.73%). The soft tissue healing index of PDT group at 1 week was significantly better than the control group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups at 2 weeks (P>0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of postoperative pain at 6 h, 1 d, 2 d and 3 d as well as in bone density and height changes at 2 months after tooth extraction (P>0.05). Conclusions: PDT could promote soft tissues healing to some extent, but did not provide additional assistance in the healing of extraction sockets of periodontally compromised teeth. PDT did not show benefits on postoperative pain, changes of the bone density and bone height after tooth extraction.
目的： 评估光动力疗法（PDT）对牙周炎磨牙拔牙窝软组织愈合、拔牙后疼痛度、影像学骨密度和骨高度改变的影响。 方法： 本研究为一项单中心单盲随机对照优效性临床试验，共纳入2022年12月至2023年9月在浙江大学医学院附属口腔医院牙周科就诊患者需要拔除的38个牙周炎磨牙位点，按照简单随机方法分为PDT组和对照组，每组19个位点，PDT组拔牙后常规清创并辅助使用PDT，对照组拔牙后仅常规清创。在拔牙后即刻、7 d、14 d分别测定两组拔牙窝颊舌径及近远中径并计算7和14 d创面愈合率，在拔牙后7和14 d评估两组拔牙窝软组织愈合指数，使用视觉模拟评分法评估两组拔牙后6 h和1、2、3 d时的疼痛度，在拔牙后即刻和2个月拍摄根尖片比较两组拔牙窝骨密度及骨高度的变化，并进行统计学分析。 结果： 拔牙后7 d创面愈合率PDT组［（78.08±5.45）%］显著高于对照组［（71.03±6.82）%］（P<0.01），拔牙后14 d创面愈合率PDT组［（85.88±3.84）%］亦显著高于对照组［（81.66±3.79）%］（P<0.01），但均未达到优效性检验的优效界值（优效界值为10%，7 d 95%CI：3.00%~11.12%，14 d 95%CI：1.71%~6.73%）。拔牙后7 d拔牙窝软组织愈合指数PDT组显著高于对照组（P<0.05），拔牙后14 d拔牙窝软组织愈合指数两组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。拔牙后6 h及1、2、3 d时的疼痛度以及拔牙后即刻和2个月骨密度、骨高度改变量两组间差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。 结论： PDT在一定程度上能促进软组织愈合，但对牙周炎患者拔牙窝的愈合未起到额外的辅助作用，对拔牙术后疼痛度、影像学骨密度和骨高度改变等无显著影响。.

Objective: To evaluate the survival rate, success rate, soft tissue conditions and marginal bone level changes of implants following micro crestal flap-alveolar ridge preservation at molar extraction sockets with severe periodontitis, compared to natural healing. Methods: From March 2015 to January 2017, patients scheduled for molar extraction as a consequence of severe periodontitis and planned implant-retained prostheses from Department of Periodontology Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology were selected. A total of 40 molar extraction sockets from 40 patients received implant placement following micro crestal flap-alveolar ridge preservation or natural healing. The front consecutive 20 teeth were assigned to the natural healing group, and the back ones were assigned to the micro crestal flap-alveolar ridge preservation (MCF-ARP) group. The superstructures were placed 6 months later. Within 2 weeks (baseline) and 1, 2 and 3 years after implant crown restoration, modified plaque index, probing depth, modified bleeding index and keratinized tissue width were recorded every six months. Parallel periapical radiographs were taken to evaluate the peri-implant marginal bone level and to calculate marginal bone loss. Independent sample t test or Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the differences in the above clinical and imaging indicators between the two groups. Results: The implant survival rate and success rate of the two groups were both 100% (20/20). There were no significant differences in the modified plaque index, probing depth, modified bleeding index, buccal keratinized tissue width and marginal bone loss between two groups at 1, 2 and 3 years after implant crown restoration (all P>0.05). Marginal bone loss was 0.22 (0.14, 0.34) mm in the natural healing group and 0.21 (0.12, 0.30) mm in the MCF-ARP group at a 3-year post-loading evaluation. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study, implants placed at ridge preserved and naturally healed molar extraction sockets with severe periodontitis demonstrate comparable clinical outcomes at a 3-year post-loading evaluation.
目的： 评价重度牙周炎磨牙拔牙微翻瓣牙槽嵴保存与自然愈合后实施种植修复3年种植体存留率、成功率、种植体周软组织情况以及边缘骨水平变化。 方法： 纳入2015年3月至2017年1月就诊于北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院牙周科，因重度牙周病变需要拔除磨牙并拟进行种植修复的40例重度牙周炎患者，共计40颗磨牙，根据就诊时间，前20颗磨牙纳入自然愈合组，后20颗磨牙纳入微翻瓣牙槽嵴保存组，两组患者分别在拔牙后自然愈合或经过微翻瓣牙槽嵴保存后进行种植治疗，6个月后两组患者均接受上部结构修复。所有患者在种植冠修复完成2周内（基线）、修复后1、2、3年复查记录种植体改良菌斑指数、探诊深度、改良出血指数和颊侧角化组织宽度；拍摄平行投照根尖片，测量种植体边缘骨水平，计算边缘骨丧失量。采用独立样本t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验比较两组间上述临床指标和影像学指标的差异。 结果： 两组种植体负重后3年存留率和成功率均为100%（20/20）。两组种植体改良菌斑指数、探诊深度、改良出血指数、颊侧角化组织宽度和边缘骨丧失在修复后1、2、3年差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。自然愈合组负重3年时边缘骨丧失为0.22（0.14，0.34）mm，微翻瓣牙槽嵴保存组负重3年时边缘骨丧失为0.21（0.12，0.30）mm。 结论： 在本临床研究有限的范围内，重度牙周炎磨牙拔牙微翻瓣牙槽嵴保存和自然愈合种植修复后3年种植体的临床效果相当。.