Objective: To examine a new technique of robot-assisted nephroureterectomy without robot reldocking or patient repositioning. Methods: Patients diagnosed as upper tract urothelial carcinoma treated with this modality between November 2015 and January 2019 at Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine were included in this analysis. Data collection including patient demographics, operative procedure and postoperative morbidities were conducted by retrospective charts review, after receiving the institutional review board\'s approval. There were 35 males and 27 females with a median age of 70 years (range: 30 to 91 years) underwent single docking robot-assisted nephroureterectomy without repositioning. Among the 62 cases, 37 patients had pelvic carcinoma while 25 patients had ureteral carcinoma (with proximal portion 12 cases, middle portion 5 cases and distal portion 8 cases). The patient was placed in a 60 to 80-degree, modified flank position with a 15-degree Trendelenburg tilt. The contralateral arm was positioned perpendicular to the torso on an arm board while the ipsilateral arm was taped to the patient\'s side with ample padding. The robot cart was then docked at a 90-degree angle, perpendicular to the patient. A \"W\"-shape, three robotic-arm configurations was used for port placement. Results: The surgical procedures were performed successfully in all the 62 patients. The operation time was (171.6±54.7) minutes (range: 60 to 370 minutes). The estimated blood loss during the operation was 50(50) ml (range: 20 to 400 ml) with 4 patients had transfusion. No perioperative death was encountered. Eleven patients had post-operative complications (Clavien-Dindo grade 2) including 3 cases of hemorrhage and 8 cases of chylous leakage. All cases were regularly followed up with a median time of 37 months (range: 17 to 55 months). There were 8, 30, 19, 4 and 1 case followed up for 48, 36, 24, 18 and less than 18 months, respectively. Three patients had reginal recurrences and 11 cases of distant metastasis occurred, with 5 patients died for cancer. The survival rate within 24 months was estimated as 75.4%(43/57). Conclusion: Robot-assisted nephroureterectomy without robot redocking or patient repositioning could be safely reproduced, with surgical outcomes comparable to other established techniques.
目的： 探讨应用单一体位单次锚定的方法行机器人辅助腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除术的可行性和有效性。 方法： 回顾性分析浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院泌尿外科2015年11月至2019年1月连续收治并施行机器人辅助腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除术的62例上尿路尿路上皮癌患者的临床和手术相关资料。男性35例，女性27例；中位年龄70岁（范围：30~91岁）。肾盂癌37例，输尿管癌25例（上段12例、中段5例、下段8例）。术中患者侧卧躯干后倾60°~80°，头低脚高约15°，患侧上肢紧贴同侧躯干，机器人手术车从患者背侧垂直推入；采用“W”形套管布局；采用全层袖套状切除、膀胱双层连续缝合处理壁内段输尿管。 结果： 所有病例顺利完成手术，无术中重新脱机锚定、更改体位，无中转开腹手术。手术时间（171.6±54.7）min（范围：60~370 min），术中出血量50（50）ml（范围：20~400 ml），术中输血4例。术后发生并发症（Clavien-Dindo分级2级）11例，其中出血3例，淋巴漏8例。术后中位随访时间37个月（范围：17~55个月），发生局部复发3例，远处器官转移11例，其中肿瘤相关死亡5例。术后24个月总体生存率为75.4%（43/57）。 结论： 单一体位单次锚定机器人辅助腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除术可彻底切除肾输尿管全长，膀胱缝合可靠，淋巴结清扫方便，肿瘤控制效果满意，总体安全性、有效性良好。.

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to evaluate the outcome of complete retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision (RLNU-BCE), which is performed to treat urothelial carcinomas in the renal pelvis or in the ureter higher than the crossing of the common iliac artery without patient repositioning.
METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 48 patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma who underwent complete RLNU-BCE in our institution from May 2017 to September 2019.
RESULTS: RLNU-BCE was successfully performed in all 48 patients. The median operation time was 110 minutes [interquartile range (IQR), 100-130 minutes], and the median postoperative anesthesia recovery time was 10 minutes (IQR, 7-15 minutes). The median postoperative hospitalization period was 5 days (IQR, 4-6 days). Pathologic examination revealed that the margin of all resected specimens was negative. After a median follow-up of 13 months (IQR, 7-20 months), no local recurrence or distant metastasis was found. No complications occurred during follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS: Based on our experience with this technique, RLNU-BCE deserves application and promotion in clinical practice. Long-term comparative studies are required to confirm its superiority over other techniques.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of two protocols for preventing pressure injuries (PIs) in Chinese hospitals.
METHODS: A multicenter, open-label, comparative study conducted in seven Chinese acute care hospitals.
METHODS: In total, 1,654 eligible patients were identified, and 1,204 were enrolled in the study. Enrolled patients were randomly assigned into the trial group (4-hour repositioning combined with a viscoelastic foam mattress; n = 602) or the control group (2-hour repositioning combined with a powered air pressure redistribution mattress; n = 602). Participants received their respective protocols until they were discharged, died, or for at least 7 days.
METHODS: The incidence of PIs, Braden Scale scores, and the time to development of PIs.
RESULTS: Ultimately, 596 trial group patients and 598 control group patients were analyzed. Thirteen patients had single new stage 2 or worse PIs. The total incidence of PIs was 1.1%. The difference between the two groups was significant (0.3% vs 1.8%). However, the difference between the groups\' Braden Scale score median during the intervention was not significant (13 vs 13.5).
CONCLUSIONS: The 4-hour repositioning interval combined with a viscoelastic foam mattress did not increase PI incidence or risk. These findings could help providers select the right pressure redistribution mattresses and repositioning intervals for critical care patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of automatic benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) diagnosis and treatment system for BPPV compared with the manual repositioning group.
METHODS: Two hundred thirty patients diagnosed as idiopathic BPPV who were admitted from August 2018 to July 2019 in Zhejiang Hospital were included. Among them, 150 patients of posterior semicircular canal BPPV(pc-BPPV), 53 patients of horizontal semicircular canal BPPV(hc-BPPV), and 27 patients of horizontal semicircular canal calculus (hc-BPPV-cu) were randomly treated with BPPV diagnosis and treatment system(the experimental group) or manual repositioning (the control group). Resolution of vertigo and nystagmus on the Dix-Hallpike and Roll test on day 3,day 7,day 14 and day 28 follow-up after first treatment was the main outcome measure to assess the efficacy of treatment.
RESULTS: At 3-day and 7-day follow-up after treatment with BPPV diagnosis and treatment system, 79%, 91%had complete resolution of vertigo and nystagmus, the effective rate in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant(P < .05). On day 14, the effective rate in the experimental group (96%) was slightly higher than that in the control group(91%), but there was no significant difference between the two groups. And at 28-day after the first treatment, the effective rate was 100% in the experimental group and the control group. The repositioning efficiency of pc-BPPV (the first, second, third treatment), hc-BPPV (the first, second, third treatment), hc-BPPV-cu(the first, second treatment) in the experimental group were higher than the control group, and the secondary reposition of pc-BPPV in the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group(96%vs.84%; P < .05). While for the hc-BPPV-cu patients, the effective rate of the third treatment in the experimental group was slightly lower than that of the control group, but the differences were not statistically significant.
CONCLUSIONS: BPPV diagnosis and treatment system is effective for the treatment of BPPV, with a better effective rate than those treated with manual maneuver, and is safe and easy to perform on patients.

Background: For patients with posterior semicircular canal (PSC) BPPV, Epley re-position maneuver and some improvement methods are the most efficient treatment methods. But there were still 9.43% patients who were not benefit from Epley re-position maneuver.Objective: To measure the angles of semicircular canals and evaluate its effect on Epley maneuver.Methods: Fifteen skull specimens, containing 30 temporal bone specimens were included. After Micro-CT scanning, 3D reconstruction was loaded with the CT image. The angles between each semicircular canal and each standard skull plane were measured. Furthermore, the angles\' effect on Epley maneuver was evaluated according to the three-dimension (3D) model.Results: Angles of PSC plane: Frankfurt plane was 71.54 ± 6.51, sagittal plane was 53.77 ± 5.36°, and the coronal plane was 43.33 ± 3.56°. Angles between PSC and the sagittal plane of skulls had an adverse effect on Epley maneuver, when it was less than 45°.Conclusion: 1. Variation could be found in angles between the semicircular canals and the standard planes of skulls, which meant variation of semicircular canals\' location existing in skulls. 2. The variation of angles between PSC and sagittal plane could have an adverse effect on the Epley maneuver when the angle was less than 45°, which may cause the Epley maneuver to be invalid.

BACKGROUND: During total knee arthroplasty(TKA), tourniquet is widely used by most surgeons whereas the optimal application is still controversial. With this prospective randomized controlled study, we intend to investigate the effect of lower limb lifting and squeeze exsanguination methods on clinical outcomes in a series of TKAs.
METHODS: Prospectively enrolled a total of 236 TKA patients from March, 2012 to November, 2016. Of which 118 patients randomly constitute Group A with lower limb lifting exsanguination technique; and the other 118 patients comprise Group B with squeeze exsanguination method. A year\'s follow-up measurements were recorded in detail for analysis.
RESULTS: The pre-tourniquet time of Group A was significantly shorter than that in Group B (P < 0.001). Significant difference was found on skin tension blister, 3 happened in Group A and 11 happened in Group B (P = 0.031), which resulted in a difference in total complications (P = 0.039). The VAS score was significantly lower in Group A at one and seven days postoperatively, P < 0.001 and P = 0.011, respectively. No significant differences were found regarding all other clinical outcome measurements.
CONCLUSIONS: The lower limb lifting exsanguination is a safe and effective technique. Compared with squeeze exsanguination method, it could decrease the incidence of skin tension blister and alleviate early postoperative pain reaction, no additional risks occurred regarding other clinical outcomes. Thus, it might have the potentiality to be commonly utilized in TKA procedure.
BACKGROUND: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: ChiCTR1800020471. Registered on 31 December 2018 Retrospectively registered.

The aim of this study was to identify current research on turning frequencies of adult bed-bound patients and inform future turning practices for hospitals based on evidence-based practice. We undertook a scoping review framework that provided a transparent and systematic methodology using 8 electronic databases (CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, PsycINFO, Scopus, ProQuest, and Web of Science) to identify articles published from 2000 to 2016. Articles were included if they focused on the prevention of hospital-acquired pressure ulcers related to the frequency of turning or repositioning of bed-bound patients. Literature search and data extraction were performed independently by 3 authors. The study followed the PRISMA guidelines. In total, 911 articles were identified, of which 10 were eligible. Of the eligible articles, 8 studies could not reach a conclusion on the effective frequency of turning and duration for repositioning patients to prevent the development of pressure ulcers. Only 2 studies found significant differences among the intervention and control groups. Results regarding turning and repositioning schedules are inconclusive; however, the topic needs further exploration to improve the outdated guidelines surrounding pressure ulcer prevention. This may, in turn, make the work of nurses more efficient and make treatment cost-effective for both the patients and the hospitals.

Objective: To evaluate the ergonomic load of clinical nursing procedures and to provide evidence for the prevention and management of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) in nurses. Methods: Based on the nursing unit characteristics and the common departments involving patient-turning procedures, 552 nurses were selected from 6 clinical departments from July to September, 2016. The ergonomic load of four types of patient-turning procedures, i.e., turning the patient\'s body, changing the bed linen of in-bed patients, moving patients, and chest physiotherapy, was evaluated by the on-site inspectors and self-evaluated by the operators using the Quick Exposure Check. The exposure value, exposure level, and exposure rate of WMSDs were assessed based on the procedure-related physical loads on the back, shoulders/arms, wrists/hands and neck, as well as the loads from work rhythm and work pressure. Results: All surveyed subjects were females who were aged mostly between 26-30 years (49.46%) , with a mean age of 29.66±5.28 years. These nurses were mainly from the Department of Infection (28.99%) and Spine Surgery (21.56%) . There were significant differences in the back, shoulders/arms, neck, work rhythm, and work pressure scores between different nursing procedures (F=16.613, 5.884, 3.431, 3.222, and 5.085, respectively; P<0.05) . Patient-turning nursing procedures resulted in high to intermediate physical load in nurses. Procedures with high to low level of WMSDs exposure were patient turning (72.69%) , bed linen changing (67.15%) , patient transfer (65.82%) , and chest physiotherapy (58.34%) . In particular, patient turning was considered as very high-risk procedure, whereas others were considered as high-risk procedures. Conclusion: Patient-turning nursing procedures result in high ergonomic load in the operators. Therefore, more focus should be placed on the ergonomics of the caretakers and nurses.
目的： 对临床护理操作项目进行工作负荷的工效学评价，为护士的职业性肌肉骨骼疾患（WMSDs）的防范与管理提供依据。 方法： 于2016年7至9月，根据护理单元特点和翻身类护理操作项目常见科室，选取6个临床科室的552名护士作为调查对象，采用快速暴露检查（QEC）法，通过现场观察员评价与操作者自评相结合的方式，对翻身、卧床病人更换床单、搬运病人以及叩背排痰4项翻身类护理操作项目进行负荷评价，涉及各操作项目产生的背部、肩/臂、腕/手、颈部的负荷以及工作节奏和工作压力的负荷状态，评价WMSDs暴露分值和暴露等级以及暴露率。 结果： 调查对象均为女性，年龄以26~30岁为主（49.46%），平均年龄为（29.66±5.28）岁；科室以感染科和脊柱外科为主，分别占28.99%和21.56%。不同护理操作项目护士的背部、肩/臂部、颈部及工作节奏和工作压力评分差异均有统计学意义（F=16.613、5.884、3.431、3.222、5.085，P<0.05）。翻身类护理操作项目分别处于高和中等负荷水平，暴露水平由高到低分别为翻身（72.69%）、卧床病人更换床单（67.15%）、搬运病人（65.82%）、叩背排痰（58.34%），且翻身属于超高风险等级，其他项为高风险等级。 结论： 翻身类护理操作项目工效学负荷水平较高，应提高管理者及护士自身的关注。.

Bed pushing during patient transfer is one of the most physically demanding and yet common tasks in the hospital setting. Powered bed movers have been increasingly introduced to hospitals to reduce physiological strains on the users. This study introduces and quantifies the manpower efficiency and health benefits of a novel robotic-assisted omni-directional hospital bed transporter (SESTO Bed Mover) in comparison with a conventional manual transport stretcher (Stryker Trauma Stretcher 1037) and a powered transport stretcher (HOSPIMEK HMPT 740), which has a fifth powered wheel providing power assistance only in the forward direction. A total of 14 subjects were recruited (7 porters and 7 students) and were tasked to complete a course within a controlled lab environment. It is concluded that the robotic bed mover is able to halve the required manpower to push hospital beds as compared to conventional bed pushing without any additional physiological strain, potentially improving efficiency by two-fold. Electromyography (EMG) patterns showed that users relied on the shoulder and back muscles in a fashion similar to conventional pushing, further confirming the intuitive drive of the robotic bed mover. Overall, the robotic bed mover shows reduced physical demands, less manpower required for patient transport and reduced back muscle activities, which strongly suggest health benefits for workers in the hospital.

9-1-1 callers often face barriers preventing them from starting Telephone CPR (TCPR). The most common problem is getting patients to a hard, flat surface. This study describes barriers callers report when trying to move patients to a hard, flat surface and assesses conditions associated with overcoming these barriers.
We audited 2396 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) audio recordings. A barrier was defined as any statement by the caller that the rescuer could not move the patient to the ground and into a supine position. Barriers were recorded and TCPR process metrics compared across the barrier and non-barrier groups.
There were 802 OHCAs in the study group. Roughly 26% had a barrier. Telecommunicators were less likely to start TCPR instructions in the barrier group than in the non-barrier group (OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.45-0.88; p=0.007). Telecommunicator-directed bystander chest compressions were more than twice as likely to start in the non-barrier group (OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.6-3.2; p<0.001). Median time to first compression was longer in the barrier group (276s vs 171s; p<0.001). Rescuers were 3.7 times more likely to overcome a barrier and start compressions (OR: 3.7, 95% CI: 2.0-6.8; p<0.001) when multiple bystanders were present.
Inability to move patients to a hard, flat surface is associated with a reduced rate of TCPR and increased time to first compression. Assessing the conditions under which such barriers are overcome is important for telecommunicator training and can help improve rates and timeliness of TCPR.