呼吸系统中的神经免疫识别和调节是一个复杂且高度协调的过程,涉及神经和免疫系统之间的相互作用以检测和响应病原体。污染物和呼吸道中的其他潜在危害。这种相互作用有助于维持呼吸系统的健康和完整性。因此,了解呼吸神经系统和免疫系统之间的复杂相互作用对于维持肺部健康和开发呼吸系统疾病的治疗至关重要。在这次审查中,我们总结了不同类型神经元的投影分布(三叉神经,舌咽神经,迷走神经,脊髓背根神经,交感神经)在呼吸道中。我们还介绍了呼吸道上皮中与神经紧密相互作用的几种细胞(肺神经内分泌细胞,刷细胞,孤立的化学感应细胞和味蕾)。这些细胞主要位于呼吸道的关键位置,神经投射到他们身上,形成神经上皮识别单元,从而提高神经识别能力。此外,我们总结了这些不同神经元在感知或响应特定病原体(流感,严重急性呼吸道综合征冠状病毒2,呼吸道合胞病毒,人类偏肺病毒,疱疹病毒,仙台副流感病毒,结核分枝杆菌,铜绿假单胞菌,金黄色葡萄球菌,变形虫),过敏原,大气污染物(吸烟,排气污染),以及它们在调节不同病原体之间相互作用中的潜在作用。我们还总结了生物电子医学作为继药物和手术之后的第三种治疗方法的前景。以及冥想呼吸作为辅助疗法的潜在机制。
Neuroimmune recognition and regulation in the respiratory system is a complex and highly coordinated process involving interactions between the nervous and immune systems to detect and respond to pathogens, pollutants and other potential hazards in the respiratory tract. This interaction helps maintain the health and integrity of the respiratory system. Therefore, understanding the complex interactions between the respiratory nervous system and immune system is critical to maintaining lung health and developing treatments for respiratory diseases. In this review, we summarise the projection distribution of different types of neurons (trigeminal nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, spinal dorsal root nerve, sympathetic nerve) in the respiratory tract. We also introduce several types of cells in the respiratory epithelium that closely interact with nerves (pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, brush cells, solitary chemosensory cells and tastebuds). These cells are primarily located at key positions in the respiratory tract, where nerves project to them, forming neuroepithelial recognition units, thus enhancing the ability of neural recognition. Furthermore, we summarise the roles played by these different neurons in sensing or responding to specific pathogens (influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, herpes viruses, Sendai parainfluenza virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, amoebae), allergens, atmospheric pollutants (smoking, exhaust pollution), and their potential roles in regulating interactions among different pathogens. We also summarise the prospects of bioelectronic medicine as a third therapeutic approach following drugs and surgery, as well as the potential mechanisms of meditation breathing as an adjunct therapy.