BACKGROUND: Bisphenols (BPs) have been shown to exhibit developmental toxicities. Epidemiological evidence on prenatal BPs exposure and infant growth primarily confined scopes to specific BPs and birth outcomes, with few studies focusing on infant growth and reporting inconsistent findings. The joint effect of prenatal exposure to BPs mixture on infant growth was rarely studied.
OBJECTIVE: This study examined associations of prenatal exposure to individual bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogues (bisphenol F [BPF], bisphenol S [BPS], bisphenol AF [BPAF], and tetrachlorobisphenol A [TCBPA]) and their mixture with infant growth.
METHODS: Urinary concentrations of BPs in pregnant women were quantified. Weight, body mass index, skinfold thickness, and circumference measurements of infants were collected at birth, 6 and 12 months of age, rapid growth and overweight were further defined. Multiple linear regression models and Bayesian kernel machine regression models (BKMR) were used to analyze associations of exposure to individual BPs and BPs mixture with infants\' anthropometric measurements, and to identify the important components among mixture. The risks for rapid growth and overweight of each BP were determined using modified Poisson regression models.
RESULTS: A general profile of higher prenatal BPs exposure (mainly BPA, BPF, and BPS) associated with higher anthropometric measurements and higher risks of overweight during infancy was found. We also observed higher risks of rapid growth in infants following prenatal BPs exposure, with risk ratios ranging from 1.46 to 1.91. The joint effect of BPs mixture and single effect of each BP from the BKMR models were consistent with findings from the linear regression models, further suggesting that associations in girls were generally driven by BPA, BPF, or BPS, while in boys mainly by BPF.
CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal exposure to BPs and their mixture could increase anthropometric measurements of offspring during infancy, with implications of altered growth trajectory in future.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between anthropometric measurements of chairs and biomechanical variables leading to musculoskeletal problems in students at different government universities in Multan.
METHODS: The cross-sectional study was done on 383 students at different government universities in Multan, Pakistan. There were 23 anthropometric measurements like shoulder height (SH), shoulder breadth (SB), knee height (KH), popliteal height (PH), elbow height sitting (EHS), elbow-fingertip length (EFL), abdominal depth (ABD), buttock-popliteal length (BPL), thigh thickness (TT), forearm width (FW), hip angle (HA), knee angle (KA), cervical flexion (CF), cervical extension (CE), cervical lateral flexion (CLF), cervical rotation (CR), thoracic flexion (TF), thoracic extension (TE), lumber flexion (LF), lumber extension (LE), lumber lateral flexion (LLF), and lumber rotation (LR). There were 11 dimensions of chairs: seat height (SH), seat depth (SD), seat width (SW), desk length (DL), desk width (DW), desk height (DH), backrest height (BH), backrest depth (BD), and seat pan depth (SPD) were measured in six types of commonly used chairs in different universities in Multan. This research was done to determine the fitness of chairs using combinational equations.
RESULTS: There was a huge difference between most anthropometric measurements of students and chairs. The recommended measurements were SH (33.2 cm), SW (43.6 cm), SD (42 cm), DH (24.5 cm), DL (51.1 cm), DW (95 cm), BW (42.6 cm), BD (2 cm), BH (55 cm), and SPD (4 cm).
CONCLUSIONS: None of the chairs used in the universities of Multan were found to be designed according to the anthropometric dimensions of students, resulting in musculoskeletal problems. It is necessary to revise the design of chairs according to the anthropometric data of students to minimize musculoskeletal problems.

UNASSIGNED: This study evaluated whether anthropometric measurements and the five times sit-to-stand test could be used to identify dynapenia. The cut-off values of accurate screening tools for identifying dynapenia were also established.
UNASSIGNED: This was a cross-sectional study conducted on individuals ≥ 60 years old (N = 529). All participants underwent handgrip strength measurement, anthropometric measurements and the five times sit-to-stand test. The participants whose handgrip strength was < 28 kg for men and < 18 kg for women were considered to have dynapenia. The association between the recorded variables and dynapenia was determined using logistic regression, and cut-off values were established by performing the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis.
UNASSIGNED: The prevalence of dynapenia was 35.42% in men and 25.61% in women. For males, both calf circumference (≤ 35.2 cm) and the five times sit-to-stand test (≥ 14.6 s) could be used as accurate tools for dynapenia. For females, only the five times sit-to-stand test (≥ 11.8 s) had sufficient accuracy to be used as a screening tool for dynapenia.
UNASSIGNED: The five times sit-to-stand test was an accurate screening tool for identifying dynapenia. The calf circumference could be only used as a screening tool in males.
Calf circumference and the five times a sit-to-stand test can be used as accurate screening tools in males with dynapenia.Only the five times sit-to-stand test had sufficient accuracy in females with dynapenia.The optimal cut-off values established for older males and females are only applicable to the Asian population.

UNASSIGNED: In previous researches, electromagnetic fields have been shown to adversely affect the behavior and biology of humans and animals; however, body growth and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels were not evaluated.
UNASSIGNED: The original investigation aimed to examine whether Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) exposure had adverse effects on spatial learning and motor function in rats and if physical activity could diminish the damaging effects of EMF exposure. In this study, we measured anthropometric measurements and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in pregnant rats\' offspring to determine if Wi-Fi EMF also affected their growth. These data we report for the first time in this publication.
UNASSIGNED: Twenty Albino-Wistar pregnant rats were divided randomly into EMF and control (CON) groups, and after delivery, 12 male fetuses were randomly selected. For assessing the body growth change of offspring beginning at delivery, then at 21 postnatal days, and finally at 56 post-natal days, the crown-rump length of the body was assessed using a digital caliper. Examining BDNF factor levels, an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA kit was taken. Bodyweight was recorded by digital scale.
UNASSIGNED: Outcomes of the anthropometric measurements demonstrated that EMF blocked body growth in rats exposed to EMF. The results of the BDNF test illustrated that the BDNF in the EMF liter group was remarkably decreased compared to the CON group. The results indicate that EMF exposure could affect BDNF levels and harm body growth in pregnant rats\' offspring.
UNASSIGNED: The results suggest that EMF exposure could affect BDNF levels and impair body growth in pregnant rats\' offspring.

Several studies have demonstrated that adhering to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet may result in decreased blood pressure levels and hypertension risk. This may be an effect of a reduction in central obesity. In the current study, we explored the mediation role of multiple anthropometric measurements in association with DASH score and hypertension risk, and we investigated potential common micro/macro nutrients that react with the obesity-reduction mechanism. Our study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Important demographic variables, such as gender, race, age, marital status, education attainment, poverty income ratio, and lifestyle habits such as smoking, alcohol drinking, and physical activity were collected. Various anthropometric measurements, including weight, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were also obtained from the official website. The nutrient intake of 8224 adults was quantified through a combination of interviews and laboratory tests. We conducted stepwise regression to filter the most important anthropometric measurements and performed a multiple mediation analysis to test whether the selected anthropometric measurements had mediation effects on the total effect of the DASH diet on hypertension. Random forest models were conducted to identify nutrient subsets associated with the DASH score and anthropometric measurements. Finally, associations between common nutrients and DASH score, anthropometric measurements, and risk of hypertension were respectively evaluated by a logistic regression model adjusting for possible confounders. Our study revealed that BMI and WHtR acted as full mediators between DASH score and high blood pressure levels. Together, they accounted for more than 45% of the variation in hypertension. Interestingly, WHtR was found to be the strongest mediator, explaining approximate 80% of the mediating effect. Furthermore, we identified a group of three commonly consumed nutrients (sodium, potassium, and octadecatrienoic acid) that had opposing effects on DASH score and anthropometric measurements. These nutrients were also found to be associated with hypertension in the same way as BMI and WHtR in univariate regression models. The most important among these nutrients was sodium, which was negatively correlated with the DASH score (β = -0.53, 95% CI = -0.56~-0.50, p < 0.001) and had a positive association with BMI (β = 0.04, 95% CI = 0.01~0.07, p = 0.02), WHtR (β = 0.06, 95% CI = 0.03~0.09, p < 0.001), and hypertension (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.01~1.19, p = 0.037). Our investigation revealed that the WHtR exerts a greater mediating effect than BMI on the correlation between the DASH diet and hypertension. Notably, we identified a plausible nutrient intake pathway involving sodium, potassium, and octadecatrienoic acid. Our findings suggested that lifestyle modifications that emphasize the reduction of central obesity and the attainment of a well-balanced micro/macro nutrient profile, such as the DASH diet, could potentially be efficacious in managing hypertension.

UNASSIGNED: Traditional anthropometric measures, including body mass index (BMI), are insufficient for evaluating the risk of hypertension. We aimed to investigate the association between novel anthropometric indices and hypertension risk in a large population in the United States.
UNASSIGNED: Forty-five thousand eight hundred fifty-three participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (1999-2018) were enrolled. Social demographic information, lifestyle factors, blood biochemical measurements and anthropometric indices, including body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), conicity index (CI), a body shape index (ABSI), body roundness index (BRI) and lipid accumulation product (LAP) were collected. Multivariable logistic regression and restricted cubic spline were adopted to investigate the associations between hypertension risk and anthropometric indices. We also performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses to further evaluate the discriminatory powers of anthropometric measurements for screening hypertension risk. Moreover, participants were randomly assigned to the training group and the validation group in a ratio of 3 to 1. A nomogram model based on anthropometric measures was established and validated in the training group and validation group, respectively.
UNASSIGNED: All of the anthropometric measurements investigated were positively and independently associated with the hypertension risk. Among all anthropometric indices, per-SD increment in ABSI had the highest OR (OR: 3.4; 95% CI: 2.73-4.24) after adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, smoking, drinking, diabetes, and eGFR. Moreover, results from restricted cubic splines revealed the non-linear association between anthropometric measurements and hypertension risk. In ROC analyses, CI had superior discriminatory power for hypertension (area under the curve: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.706-0.715; optimal cutoff value: 1.3) compared with other indices. Nomogram model based on age, sex, diabetes, CI and LAP showed favorable predicting ability of hypertension risk with an AUC (95% CI) in training group of 80.2% (79.7-80.6%), and the AUC (95% CI) in validation group was 79.5% (78.3-80.1%). Meanwhile, calibration plot showed good consistency.
UNASSIGNED: Anthropometric measurements including BMI, WtHR, CI, ABSI, BRI and LAP are closely associated with hypertension risk in the present study. For better prevention and treatment of hypertension, more attention should be paid to anthropometric indices, especially novel anthropometric indices.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the impact of changes in body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BF%), and waist circumference (WC) on prediabetes among middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults.
METHODS: 2.5-year changes in BMI, BF%, and WC were calculated by subtracting baseline levels from follow-up, based on a cohort of 3,632 participants with prediabetes, and outcomes were defined as remission to normal glucose regulation (NGR), persistence in prediabetes, and progression to newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus (NDM).
RESULTS: Among participants with prediabetes, 16.9% returned to NGR and 24.6% progressed to NDM. Changes in BMI, BF%, but not WC were associated with remission and progression of prediabetes (risk ratio per standard deviation increase of BMI: 0.86 [0.79-0.93] and 1.15 [1.08-1.23]; BF%: 0.91 [0.84-0.98] and 1.11 [1.03-1.19]). Among participants with combined impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), only BF% change was significantly associated with remission of prediabetes.
CONCLUSIONS: Short-term management of BMI and BF% should be emphasized to promote the remission and prevent the progression of prediabetes. Moreover, it is of particular clinical importance to monitor BF% among people with combined IFG and IGT.

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a modifiable risk factor for acute coronary syndrome (ACS), with high prevalence but low diagnostic rates. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop strategies for better screening for OSA in newly admitted ACS patients.
METHODS: From March 2017 to October 2019, consecutive eligible patients with ACS underwent cardiorespiratory polygraphy during hospitalization. OSA was defined as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 15 events/h. All anthropometric and oropharyngeal parameters are measured by specialist nurses.
RESULTS: Finally, 761 ACS patients were recruited in the present study. Prevalence of moderate/severe OSA was 53.2% based on diagnostic criteria of AHI ≥ 15. Correlation analysis illustrated that AHI was positively correlated with anthropometric characteristics. In the multivariate model, only micrognathia (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.02-4.00, P = 0.044), waist circumference (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.04-1.11, P < 0.001), and STOP-BANG Questionnaire (SBQ) score (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.27-1.66, P < 0.001) were independently associated with the prevalence of OSA. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis showed that the area under curve (AUC) of multivariable joint diagnosis (waist circumference, micrognathia combined with SBQ) was significantly better than the AUC of Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and SBQ (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0002, respectively), and the results showed that AUC was 0.728. Under the optimal truncation value, the sensitivity was 73%, and the specificity was 61%, which was higher than the single index. Finally, we also constructed a nomogram model based on multiple logistic regression, to easily determine the probability of OSA in ACS patients.
CONCLUSIONS: The new screening tool has greater power than single questionnaire or measurements in screening of OSA among ACS patients.
BACKGROUND: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT03362385, registered December 5, 2017.

BACKGROUND: We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the influence of a home enteral nutritional support compared with a normal oral diet in postoperative subjects with upper gastrointestinal cancer resection.
METHODS: A systematic literature search up to December 2021 was done and 23 studies included 3,010 subjects with upper gastrointestinal cancer resection at the start of the study; 1,556 of them were given home enteral nutritional support and 1,454 were normal oral diet. We calculated the odds ratio (OR) and mean difference (MD) with 95% CIs to evaluate the influence of home enteral nutritional support compared with a normal oral diet in postoperative subjects with upper gastrointestinal cancer resection by the dichotomous or continuous methods with a random or fixed-influence model.
RESULTS: Home enteral nutritional support had significantly higher quality of life (MD, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.50-2.67, p < 0.001), better body weight change (MD, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.31-2.43, p < 0.001), higher albumin (MD, 1.27; 95% CI, 0.72-1.82, p < 0.001), and higher pre-albumin (MD, 30.79; 95% CI, 7.29-54.29, p = 0.01) compared to the normal oral diet in subjects with upper gastrointestinal cancer resection. However, home enteral nutritional support had no significant impact on the hemoglobin (MD, 4.64; 95% CI, -4.17 to 13.46, p = 0.30), and complications (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.76-1.40, p = 0.83) compared to the normal oral diet in subjects with upper gastrointestinal cancer resection.
CONCLUSIONS: Home enteral nutritional support had a significantly higher quality of life, better body weight change, higher albumin, and higher pre-albumin, and had no significant impact on the hemoglobin and complications compared to the normal oral diet in subjects with upper gastrointestinal cancer resection. Further studies are required.

Objective: Facial cleft involves complex malformations. No study assessed the facial deformity of Tessier No. 0 cleft with a bifid nose. Thus, we used anthropometric measurements to access the nose in patients. Methods: A total of 24 bifid nose deformities underwent surgery at our institution between 2010 and 2019. Standardized photographs were taken preoperatively and postoperatively. Landmarks were identified on these images; measurements for nasal analysis were performed and compared with the established Chinese norms. Surgical method differences were also analyzed. Results: The median follow-up time was 2.51 years. Postoperatively, there is a significant difference in comparison with preoperative in the nasal index, medial canthus and nose width index, nasolabial angle, nasofacial angle, ala length and nasal bridge length index, nasal tip protrusion and nasal width index, and nasal width and ala length index. Furthermore, the medial canthus and nose width index, and nasal width and ala length index were significantly larger in ordinary people, while ala length and nasal bridge length index and nasal tip protrusion and nasal width index were smaller. After surgery, most angles and index were standard except the nasolabial angle in the females, and ala length and nasal bridge length index in the males. Moreover, as for the group of costal cartilage transplantation, most index and angles have improved after surgery including nasolabial angle, nasofacial angle, ala length and nasal bridge length index, nasal tip protrusion and nasal width index, and nasal width and ala length index. However, only nasal tip protrusion and nasal width index, columella length and nasal tip protrusion index, and nasal width and ala length index in the silicone prosthesis group implantation has significance. Costal cartilage transplantation can also better improve ala length and nasal bridge length index than the silicone prosthesis implantation. Conclusion: Most defects can be repaired with surgery, but the outcome has a lack of evaluation. Thus, anthropometric assessment can serve as a material for nasal and reconstructive surgery.