背景:尽管越来越多的研究揭示了社交媒体使用对幸福感的益处和危害,在社交媒体使用如何概念化方面存在异质性和缺乏共识,已定义,和测量。此外,鲜为人知的是,现有的文献是否关注疾病或幸福的结果,以及研究是否使用理论。
目的:这篇综述的主要目的是研究(1)社交媒体使用是如何被概念化和衡量的,(2)关注的健康和福祉结果是什么,(3)研究是否使用理论。
方法:通过涉及4个步骤的综合搜索策略进行研究。首先,关键词搜索在6个主要数据库上进行:PubMed,WebofScience,PsycINFO,Embase,ProQuest,和年度评论。第二,使用相同的搜索词集在GoogleScholar上进行了搜索,并检查了前100个结果。第三,检查了在前两轮搜索中确定的评论的参考部分,最后,检索了审查中包含的最后一组论文的参考列表。通过多级筛选,我们对符合纳入标准的论文进行了分析.
结果:该综述包括2007年至2020年间在51个不同国家发表的233篇论文。虽然66(28%)的研究调查了社交媒体的使用或成瘾对健康和福祉的影响,167(72%)研究了社交媒体使用作为“正常”行为的影响。大多数研究都使用评估用户使用社交媒体的时间的方法。大多数研究有问题的社交媒体使用或成瘾的影响使用成瘾量表。大多数研究调查了社交媒体使用与抑郁症等精神疾病的关系。焦虑,自尊,和孤独。虽然有相当多的研究调查身体健康的结果,如自我评估的健康,睡眠,坐着或缺乏体力活动,相对较少的研究考察了社会,心理,和情感幸福。大多数研究183(79%)没有使用任何理论。
结论:大多数研究将社交媒体使用概念化为“正常”行为,并且主要使用时间花费的衡量标准。而相当多的研究将社交媒体使用概念化为成瘾,并使用了各种成瘾措施。这些研究不成比例地侧重于调查社交媒体使用与负面健康和福祉结果的关联。研究结果表明,需要超越时间花费更复杂的测量方法,考虑用户在社交媒体平台上执行的多种活动,以及需要更多基于理论的研究,研究社交媒体使用不仅与负面健康或“疾病”,而且与积极的健康和福祉结果。
Despite an increasing number of studies revealing both the benefits and harms of social media use on well-being, there is heterogeneity and a lack of consensus on how social media use is conceptualized, defined, and measured. Additionally, little is known whether existing literature focuses on ill-being or well-being outcomes and whether studies use theories.
The main objective of this
review was to examine (1) how social media use has been conceptualized and measured, (2) what health and well-being outcomes have been focused on, and (3) whether studies used theories.
Studies were located through a comprehensive search strategy involving 4 steps. First, keyword searches were conducted on 6 major databases: PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Embase, ProQuest, and Annual Reviews. Second, a search was conducted on Google Scholar using the same sets of search terms, and the first 100 results were examined. Third, the reference sections of reviews identified in the first 2 rounds of searches were examined, and finally, the reference lists of the final set of papers included in the
review were searched. Through a multistage screening, papers that met our inclusion criteria were analyzed.
The
review included a total of 233 papers published between 2007 and 2020 in 51 different countries. While 66 (28%) of the studies investigated the effects of the problematic use or addiction of social media on health and well-being, 167 (72%) studied the effects of social media use as a \"normal\" behavior. Most of the studies used measures assessing the time users spend using social media. Most of the studies that examined the effects of problematic social media use or addiction used addiction scales. Most studies examined the association of social media use with mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and loneliness. While there are a considerable number of studies investigating physical health outcomes such as self-rated health, sleep, and sitting time or lack of physical activity, relatively a small number of studies examined social, psychological, and emotional well-being. Most of the studies 183 (79%) did not use any theory.
Most studies conceptualized social media use as a \"normal\" behavior and mostly used time-spent measures, whereas a considerable number of studies conceptualized social media use as an addiction and used various addiction measures. The studies disproportionately focused on investigating the associations of social media use with negative health and well-being outcomes. The findings suggest the need for going beyond time spent to more sophisticated measurement approaches that consider the multiplicity of activities that users perform on social media platforms and the need for more theory-based studies on the association of social media use with not only negative well-being or \"ill-being\" but also with positive health and well-being outcomes.