背景:COVID-19大流行促使在全球范围内部署用于公共卫生监测的数字技术。这些技术的快速发展和使用减少了充分考虑其潜在影响的机会(例如,为了人权,公民自由,隐私,和弱势群体的边缘化)。
目的:我们对同行评审和灰色文献进行了范围审查,以确定在COVID-19大流行期间用于监测的数字技术的类型和应用,以及数字监测的预测和见证后果。
方法:我们的方法由5阶段方法论框架提供信息,以指导范围审查:确定研究问题;确定相关研究;研究选择;绘制数据图;整理,总结,并报告调查结果。我们搜索了2019年12月1日至2020年12月31日之间发表的同行评审和灰色文献。我们专注于大流行的第一年,以提供问题的快照,关注,调查结果,以及在这场大流行的关键第一年,来自同行评审和灰色文献的讨论。我们的审查遵循PRISMA-ScR(系统审查的首选报告项目和范围审查的Meta分析扩展)报告指南。
结果:我们共回顾了147篇同行评审和79篇灰色文献出版物。根据我们对这些出版物的分析,我们确定了在COVID-19大流行期间使用数字技术进行公共卫生监测的90个国家和地区.一些最常用的技术包括手机应用程序,位置跟踪技术,无人机,温度扫描技术,和可穿戴设备。我们还发现,这些文献引起了人们对数字监控在数据安全和隐私方面的影响的担忧,功能蠕变和任务蠕变,私营部门参与监控,人权,公民自由,以及对边缘化群体的影响。最后,我们确定了道德数字技术设计和使用的建议,包括相称性,透明度,目的限制,保护隐私和安全,和问责制。
结论:在COVID-19大流行期间,全球范围内使用了广泛的数字技术来支持公共卫生监测。我们的分析结果强调了考虑数字监测的短期和长期后果的重要性,不仅在COVID-19大流行期间,而且在未来的公共卫生危机中。这些发现还证明了数字监测在公共卫生监测和其他形式的监测之间的变化和模糊的界限。特别是考虑到数字监控的无处不在。
■RR2-https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053962。
BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted the deployment of digital technologies for public health surveillance globally. The rapid development and use of these technologies have curtailed opportunities to fully consider their potential impacts (eg, for human rights, civil liberties, privacy, and marginalization of vulnerable groups).
OBJECTIVE: We conducted a scoping
review of peer-reviewed and gray literature to identify the types and applications of digital technologies used for surveillance during the COVID-19 pandemic and the predicted and witnessed consequences of digital surveillance.
METHODS: Our methodology was informed by the 5-stage methodological framework to guide scoping reviews: identifying the research question; identifying relevant studies; study selection; charting the data; and collating, summarizing, and reporting the findings. We conducted a search of peer-reviewed and gray literature published between December 1, 2019, and December 31, 2020. We focused on the first year of the pandemic to provide a snapshot of the questions, concerns, findings, and discussions emerging from peer-reviewed and gray literature during this pivotal first year of the pandemic. Our
review followed the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) reporting guidelines.
RESULTS: We reviewed a total of 147 peer-reviewed and 79 gray literature publications. Based on our analysis of these publications, we identified a total of 90 countries and regions where digital technologies were used for public health surveillance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Some of the most frequently used technologies included mobile phone apps, location-tracking technologies, drones, temperature-scanning technologies, and wearable devices. We also found that the literature raised concerns regarding the implications of digital surveillance in relation to data security and privacy, function creep and mission creep, private sector involvement in surveillance, human rights, civil liberties, and impacts on marginalized groups. Finally, we identified recommendations for ethical digital technology design and use, including proportionality, transparency, purpose limitation, protecting privacy and security, and accountability.
CONCLUSIONS: A wide range of digital technologies was used worldwide to support public health surveillance during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings of our analysis highlight the importance of considering short- and long-term consequences of digital surveillance not only during the COVID-19 pandemic but also for future public health crises. These findings also demonstrate the ways in which digital surveillance has rendered visible the shifting and blurred boundaries between public health surveillance and other forms of surveillance, particularly given the ubiquitous nature of digital surveillance.
UNASSIGNED: RR2-https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053962.