微米和纳米塑料(MPs和NP,分别)在农业土壤生态系统中代表着普遍的全球环境问题,对土壤生物群构成风险,因此,土壤健康和粮食安全。这篇综述提供了关于农业生态系统中MNPs来源和性质的文献的全面和最新总结,从土壤中回收的MNPs的分离和表征方法,MNP替代材料,模拟土载MNPs的大小和性质,以及MNPs通过土壤基质的运输。此外,这篇综述阐述了农业MNPs对作物、土壤微生物和动物的影响和风险。土壤中MP的一个重要来源是塑料栽培,涉及使用地膜和其他塑料基工具,为特种作物生产提供多种农艺益处,而国会议员的其他来源包括灌溉水和肥料。需要进行长期研究,以解决当前的形成知识差距,土壤表面和地下运输,以及MNPs对环境的影响,包括来自可生物降解地膜的MNPs,which,虽然最终经历了完全的矿化,将在土壤中停留几个月。由于农业土壤生态系统的复杂性和多变性以及从土壤中回收MNPs的难度,国会议员之间的基本关系需要更深入的了解,NPs,土壤生物群和微生物群,包括MNPs对蚯蚓的生态毒理学影响,土壤居住的无脊椎动物,和有益的土壤微生物,和土壤地球化学属性。此外,几何学,大小分布,基本和化学性质,和土壤中所含MNPs的浓度需要开发替代MNP参考材料,可用于跨实验室进行基础实验室研究。
Micro and nanoplastics (MPs and NPs, respectively) in agricultural soil ecosystems represent a pervasive global environmental concern, posing risks to soil biota, hence soil health and food security. This
review provides a comprehensive and current summary of the literature on sources and properties of MNPs in agricultural ecosystems, methodology for the isolation and characterization of MNPs recovered from soil, MNP surrogate materials that mimic the size and properties of soil-borne MNPs, and transport of MNPs through the soil matrix. Furthermore, this
review elucidates the impacts and risks of agricultural MNPs on crops and soil microorganisms and fauna. A significant source of MPs in soil is plasticulture, involving the use of mulch films and other plastic-based implements to provide several agronomic benefits for specialty crop production, while other sources of MPs include irrigation water and fertilizer. Long-term studies are needed to address current knowledge gaps of formation, soil surface and subsurface transport, and environmental impacts of MNPs, including for MNPs derived from biodegradable mulch films, which, although ultimately undergoing complete mineralization, will reside in soil for several months. Because of the complexity and variability of agricultural soil ecosystems and the difficulty in recovering MNPs from soil, a deeper understanding is needed for the fundamental relationships between MPs, NPs, soil biota and microbiota, including ecotoxicological effects of MNPs on earthworms, soil-dwelling invertebrates, and beneficial soil microorganisms, and soil geochemical attributes. In addition, the geometry, size distribution, fundamental and chemical properties, and concentration of MNPs contained in soils are required to develop surrogate MNP reference materials that can be used across laboratories for conducting fundamental laboratory studies.