没食子酸(GA),一种具有有效抗氧化活性的膳食酚酸,在食用植物中广泛分布。GA已作为抗菌剂应用于食品工业中,食品保鲜剂,油稳定剂,活性食品包装材料,和食品加工稳定剂。GA是一种潜在的膳食补充剂,由于其对与氧化应激相关的各种功能性疾病的健康益处,包括肾,神经学,肝,肺,生殖,和心血管疾病。口服后GA迅速吸收和代谢,导致低生物利用度,容易受到各种因素的影响,例如肠道微生物群,运输商,和没食子酰衍生物的代谢。GA表现出主要分布到肾脏的趋势,肝脏,心,和大脑。总共鉴定出了37种GA的代谢物,和脱羧和二羟基化在第一阶段代谢和硫酸化,葡糖醛酸化,Ⅱ相代谢中的甲基化被认为是GA体内生物转化的主要途径。不同类型的纳米载体,如聚合物纳米颗粒,树枝状聚合物,和纳米点,已成功开发出通过增加生物利用度来增强GA的健康促进功能。GA可能诱导药物与常规药物的相互作用,如羟基脲,利拉列汀,还有地尔硫卓,由于其对代谢酶的抑制作用,包括细胞色素P4503A4和2D6,以及转运蛋白,包括P-糖蛋白,乳腺癌耐药蛋白,和有机阴离子转运多肽1B3。总之,深入研究GA在食品工业中的应用,健康益处,生物利用度,纳米输送系统,和药物相互作用为其作为食品添加剂和膳食补充剂的综合应用奠定了基础。
Gallic acid (GA), a dietary phenolic acid with potent antioxidant activity, is widely distributed in edible plants. GA has been applied in the food industry as an antimicrobial agent, food fresh-keeping agent, oil stabilizer, active food wrap material, and food processing stabilizer. GA is a potential dietary supplement due to its health benefits on various functional disorders associated with oxidative stress, including renal, neurological, hepatic, pulmonary, reproductive, and cardiovascular diseases. GA is rapidly absorbed and metabolized after oral administration, resulting in low bioavailability, which is susceptible to various factors, such as intestinal microbiota, transporters, and metabolism of galloyl derivatives. GA exhibits a tendency to distribute primarily to the kidney, liver, heart, and brain. A total of 37 metabolites of GA has been identified, and decarboxylation and dihydroxylation in phase I metabolism and sulfation, glucuronidation, and methylation in phase Ⅱ metabolism are considered the main in vivo biotransformation pathways of GA. Different types of nanocarriers, such as polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and nanodots, have been successfully developed to enhance the health-promoting function of GA by increasing bioavailability. GA may induce drug interactions with conventional drugs, such as hydroxyurea, linagliptin, and diltiazem, due to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes, including cytochrome P450 3A4 and 2D6, and transporters, including P-glycoprotein, breast cancer resistance protein, and organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B3. In conclusion, in-depth studies of GA on food industry applications, health benefits, bioavailability, nano-delivery systems, and drug interactions have laid the foundation for its comprehensive application as a food additive and dietary supplement.