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Mucormycosis is a rare fungal infection caused by fungi of the Mucorales order that occurs in immunocompromised individuals or with loss of skin or mucosa barrier integrity. This report presents four cases of rhinocerebral mucormycosis attended at a third-level hospital in Cali (Colombia) during a period of three years. All patients had different case histories and times of evolution. All four had a previous or de novo diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, with glycated hemoglobin higher than 10% on admission. We ruled out other possible pathologies that could explain their immunocompromised condition. Mucormycosis diagnosis was made with direct visualization of hyaline coenocytic hyphae on biopsies. The basis of treatment was liposomal amphotericin B and surgical debridement. Two patients presented bacterial coinfection. One asked for voluntary discharge without having completed the treatment, and another one died. The remaining two have attended controls and had an adequate evolution.
La mucormicosis es una infección fúngica poco frecuente causada por hongos del orden Mucorales, la cual se presenta en individuos inmunocomprometidos o con pérdida de la integridad de la barrera de piel o mucosas. Se reportan cuatro casos de mucormicosis rinocerebral atendidos en un hospital de tercer nivel de Cali (Colombia) durante un periodo de tres años. Los cuatro pacientes presentaron diferentes cuadros clínicos y tiempos de evolución. Todos tenían diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus de tipo 2, de novo o previo, con una hemoglobina glucosilada de ingreso mayor del 10 % y en todos se descartaron otras enfermedades que explicaran su compromiso inmunitario. La mucormicosis se diagnosticó por la visualización directa de hifas hialinas sincitiales (coenocytic) en las biopsias tomadas. El pilar del tratamiento fue la anfotericina B liposómica junto con el desbridamiento quirúrgico. Dos pacientes presentaron coinfección bacteriana. De los cuatro, uno firmó su egreso voluntario sin completar el tratamiento y otro falleció. Los dos pacientes restantes han asistido a los controles y han mostrado una adecuada evolución.

Tinea capitis is a frequent reason for dermatology consultation in Morocco. In this work, we report a case of Tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton tonsurans (T. tonsurans), an unusual anthropophilic dermatophyte in Morocco. This pathogen was identified for the first time in our hospital, affecting a young Moroccan judoka. The patient was a 25-year-old man. He was a member of the Moroccan national judo team. He was sent to the parasitology and mycology laboratory for suspicion of tinea capitis. The anamnesis found an almost annual participation in international tournaments and competitions. The clinical examination revealed erythematous-squamous scalp plaque associated with hair loss and two localized squamous lesions on the right wrist and the left knee. We sampled the lesions separately. Direct examination in potassium hydroxide preparation of collected samples (skin scrapings, hair fragments) from the patient\'s lesions was negative, and cultures grew T. tonsurans in Sabouraud Agar. We identified this pathogenic fungal species based on the colonies\' macroscopic and microscopic morphological characteristics, establishing the diagnosis of T. tonsurans  tinea capitis. The young judoka presented an unusual fungal infection of the scalp in Morocco. We suppose it to be our country\'s first case of T. tonsurans tinea capitis. Screening international combat sports practitioners and optimizing hygiene conditions in our sports environments remains necessary to avoid any epidemic of T. tonsurans.

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The clinical findings associated with nasal, cutaneous and systemic fusariosis in a 3-year-old billy Boer goat are summarised. The clinical features, treatment, postmortem findings and laboratory diagnostics are reported and discussed in the context of existing knowledge on mycoses of small ruminants. The goat presented primarily for respiratory signs (inspiratory dyspnoea) with unilateral left-sided mucopurulent nasal discharge, and multifocal variably ulcerative and necrotic cutaneous nodules. Histopathology of nasal and cutaneous biopsies revealed necrotising pyogranulomatous inflammation with intralesional septate hyphal elements that correlated with culture of Fusarium oxysporum. The patient continued to deteriorate clinically during treatment with oxytetracycline and meloxicam, with the addition of sodium iodide and potassium iodide, and was humanely euthanased. Postmortem examination revealed multifocal nodular lesions throughout the kidneys, abdominal lymph nodes and lungs. These lesions were consistent with those identified antemortem from which F. oxysporum was cultured. Although treatment was unsuccessful, to the author\'s knowledge, no instance of rhinofacial or systemic caprine infection with Fusarium spp. has been documented in the veterinary literature, making this the first recognised instance of this form of infection in small ruminant species.

Criminal cases are studied from several disciplines to link a suspect with a criminal act. In this case, a man was reported missing in a coastal area in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The victim\'s relatives pointed to a possible suspect, and the local police carried out the investigation. We contributed to this research by applying palynological and mycological techniques. Palynomorphs and fungal spores offer valuable trace evidence, as they can be easily transferred between objects and crime scenes due to their minute size and persist on them for a long time. The victim was found 25 days later, lying on sandy soil, which partially covered the body, 35 km from where the suspect was arrested. Comparative samples were collected from the crime scene and the suspect\'s home and belongings (clothes, footwear, and seized vehicle). The palynological associations obtained from the crime scene and the defendant\'s belongings were dominated by diatoms and acritarchs (Acantomorphitae), all elements of marine origin, and a high CFU number of Bipolaris cynodontis, which allowed the defendant\'s clothing to be related to the place of corpse discovery. Soil from the defendant\'s home had an entirely continental composition, and the fungal biota was characteristic of prairie areas which were different from those of the crime scene.

A 38 year old woman presented with burns totaling 45 % total body surface area, following an explosion resulting from manufacturing cannabis wax. Initial debridement, was delayed to hospital day 7 due to hemodynamic instability. Over the course of her, hospitalization, she required multiple debridements and grafting to her lower, extremities; grafted tissue never survived longer than 72 h. Her bilateral lower, extremities began to exhibit visible mold growth. She underwent repeated, debridements down to vitalized tissue only for recurrent necrosis and mold growth to, occur. She underwent serial amputations eventually reaching the level of her midthigh, At this point her clinical condition deteriorated further resulting in multiorgan failure., Ultimately family made the decision to remove her from life support, and she expired, within a few hours. Postmortem analysis identified Rhizopus spp, Fusarium spp, and, Geotrichum candidum. Mucormycosis species are a frequent infector of Cannabis, sativa, which our patient was working with in the inciting explosion. Cutaneous, mucormycosis is a documented but rare manifestation. We propose that the patient\'s, relatively young age, severity of burns, and exposure to cannabis plants resulted in this, unusual presentation.

Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis is caused by traumatic implantation of melanized environmental fungi. The majority of cases occur in tropical areas of the world or are associated with travel from these regions. Herein, we describe a rare case of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Rhytidhysteron rufulum in an immunocompetent Somalia-born patient. The use of molecular diagnostics as an essential tool for identification of rare fungal pathogens is highlighted.

A rapid biodiversity assessment of insects and associated Laboulbeniales fungi was conducted over the course of five nights in August, 2018, at two central Florida lakes: Lake Eustis and the nearby protected and restored National Natural Landmark, Emeralda Marsh Conservation Area (EMCA), which encompasses a portion of Lake Griffin. Lake Eustis was surveyed for Laboulbeniales in 1897 by mycologist Dr. Roland Thaxter but has not since been investigated. Because Lake Eustis has been urbanized, with the lake perimeter almost entirely altered by human development, the site offers a look into Laboulbeniales diversity across a 121-year timeline, before and after human development. By surveying Lake Eustis and EMCA, a modern case study comparison of Laboulbeniales and insect diversity between a developed and a protected and restored system is made. A total of 4022 insects were collected during the rapid assessment. Overall, insect abundance was greater at EMCA, with 3001 insects collected, than 1021 insects collected from Eustis. Although family-level insect richness was comparable between sites, with 55 families present at EMCA and 56 at Eustis, 529 out of 3001 (17.6%) of the insects collected at EMCA were hosts to parasitic Laboulbeniales fungi, whereas only 2 out of 1021 (0.19%) collected from Eustis were infected. A total of 16 species of Laboulbeniales found at EMCA compared with only one at Eustis. The current number of Laboulbeniales species documented at Eustis was incredibly depauperate compared with the 26 species and two varieties recorded by Thaxter in 1897. These findings suggest the possibility of utilizing Laboulbeniales as indicators of ecosystem health, and future research should investigate this question further. A figure displaying host-parasite records and a species list of Laboulbeniales are presented. Finally, updated occurrence records for species of Ceratomyces and Hydrophilomyces are provided.