UNASSIGNED: In current practice, the diameter of an aortic aneurysm is utilized to estimate the rupture risk and decide upon timing of elective repair, although it is known to be imprecise and not patient-specific. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables the visualization of several biomarkers that provide information about processes within the aneurysm and may therefore facilitate patient-specific risk stratification. We performed a scoping review of the literature on quantitative MRI techniques to assess aortic aneurysm progression and rupture risk, summarized these findings, and identified knowledge gaps.
UNASSIGNED: Literature concerning primary research was of interest and the medical databases PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane were systematically searched. This study used the PRISMA protocol extension for scoping reviews. Articles published between January 2010 and February 2023 involving animals and/or humans were included. Data were extracted by 2 authors using a predefined charting method.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 1641 articles were identified, of which 21 were included in the scoping review. Quantitative MRI-derived biomarkers were categorized into hemodynamic (8 studies), wall (5 studies) and molecular biomarkers (8 studies). Fifteen studies included patients and/or healthy human subjects. Animal models were investigated in the other 6 studies. A cross-sectional study design was the most common, whereas 5 animal studies had a longitudinal component and 2 studies including patients had a prospective design. A promising hemodynamic biomarker is wall shear stress (WSS), which is estimated based on 4D-flow MRI. Molecular biomarkers enable the assessment of inflammatory and wall deterioration processes. The ADAMTS4-specific molecular magnetic resonance (MR) probe showed potential to predict abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation and rupture in a murine model. Wall biomarkers assessed using dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI showed great potential for assessing AAA progression independent of the maximum diameter.
UNASSIGNED: This scoping review provides an overview of quantitative MRI techniques studied and the biomarkers derived from them to assess aortic aneurysm progression and rupture risk. Longitudinal studies are needed to validate the causal relationships between the identified biomarkers and aneurysm growth, rupture, or repair. In the future, quantitative MRI could play an important role in the personalized risk assessment of aortic aneurysm rupture.
CONCLUSIONS: The currently used maximum aneurysm diameter fails to accurately assess the multifactorial pathology of an aortic aneurysm and precisely predicts rupture in a patient-specific manner. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables the detection of various quantitative parameters involved in aneurysm progression and subsequent rupture. This scoping review provides an overview of the studied quantitative MRI techniques, the biomarkers derived from them, and recommendations for future research needed for the implementation of these biomarkers. Ultimately, quantitative MRI could facilitate personalized risk assessment for patients with aortic aneurysms, thereby reducing untimely repairs and improving rupture prevention.

Background: This is a review and analysis of the questionnaires most used in empirical research on psychological phenomena labelled as \"presence,\" \"flow,\" and \"narrative absorption,\" mostly for experiences mediated by technology (printed books, screens for games and films, and virtual reality). Overlapping concepts have been formulated in different fields according to specific disciplinary interests and based on knowledge within each field. Objectives: This review focuses on how language is actually used in questionnaire items, rather than on how concepts are formulated top-down and associated with corresponding linguistic expressions that become items of a questionnaire. The goal is to highlight similarities and overlaps in order to show a possible interdisciplinary agreement about the core aspects of the psychological states elicited by mediated experiences. Eligibility criteria: Questionnaires developed or used for research about VR, video games, films, or books have been selected for analysis. They should be available in English and used in empirical research since the year 2000. Sources of evidence: A search has been performed through Google Scholar and two other disciplinary bibliographies edited by international learned societies. Charting methods: The items of each questionnaire are categorized based on their wordings, and thus independently from the conceptual models within which they have been developed.  Based on this categorization, various domains to which the items can be ascribed are identified (e.g. space, realism, agency, etc.) and psychological phenomena are linked to them (e.g. presence, social presence, narrative absorption, etc.). Results: 308 items in 23 questionnaires have been found to have overlapping of wordings. Conclusions: A list of the core aspects of presence, social presence, flow, and narrative absorption is presented, together with a critical selection of items suitable to measure each construct.

Eco-driving is a style of driving that minimizes energy consumption, while gamification refers to the use of game techniques to motivate user engagement in non-game contexts. This paper comprises a literature review assessing applying gamification to encourage eco-driving. The Web of Science Core Collection and EBSCO Host platforms were searched in February 2022. Qualifying sources included peer review journal articles, conference proceedings papers, academic book chapters and dissertation reports. The final sample comprised 39 unique publications, of which 34 described gamification adjunct systems used during driving. Most were designed as smartphone apps, but some ran on bespoke in-car feedback displays. Alternatively, using game-based learning, 5 studies described videogames designed to encourage eco-driving. Popular gamification elements were: an eco-driving score; self-comparisons or comparisons with others via leader boards; rewards; challenges, missions or levels; and emotive feedback (e.g., emojis). One system aimed to discourage driving at busy times. While 13 studies assessed the efficacy of the various systems, these were generally of poor quality. This developing literature contains many good ideas for applying gamification to promote eco-driving. However, evidence for efficacy is largely absent and researchers are encouraged to continue to evaluate a wide range of gamification approaches to promote eco-driving.

Flow is a gratifying state of deep involvement and absorption that individuals report when facing a challenging activity and they perceive adequate abilities to cope with it (EFRN, 2014). The flow concept was introduced by Csikszentmihalyi in 1975, and interest in flow research is growing. However, to our best knowledge, no scoping review exists that takes a systematic look at studies on flow which were published between the years 2000 and 2016. Overall, 252 studies have been included in this review. Our review (1) provides a framework to cluster flow research, (2) gives a systematic overview about existing studies and their findings, and (3) provides an overview about implications for future research. The provided framework consists of three levels of flow research. In the first \"Individual\" level are the categories for personality, motivation, physiology, emotion, cognition, and behavior. The second \"Contextual\" level contains the categories for contextual and interindividual factors and the third \"Cultural\" level contains cultural factors that relate to flow. Using our framework, we systematically present the findings for each category. While flow research has made progress in understanding flow, in the future, more experimental and longitudinal studies are needed to gain deeper insights into the causal structure of flow and its antecedents and consequences.

BACKGROUND: Serious games have the potential to resolve educational problems faced by medical students, such as insufficient rehearsal due to boredom and lack of motivation. However, serious games\' relatively novel concepts in science and many genres of games that are common in recreation remain underresearched in the literature. Board games are one such genre that, despite their potential, affordability, and flexibility, are rarely designed for medical students, and little is known about student perceptions of them and their compatibility with rehearsal.
OBJECTIVE: In this cross-sectional study, we sought to elicit, via an exploratory mixed methods approach, student perceptions of a digital serious board game specifically designed for the gamified rehearsal of complex medical subjects, with the chosen topic of anatomy.
METHODS: A digital serious board game, based on self-determination theory (SDT), was first designed and developed to facilitate the rehearsal of anatomy information. Students were then voluntarily recruited to partake in the intervention and were randomly split into three teams of 2 players per game session, after which they were administered the Flow Short Scale (FSS), which is a 13-item measure where items were rated on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (\"not at all\") to 7 (\"very much\"). Students then participated in a focus group discussion to elicit their perceptions of the game. Findings from the FSS were subject to descriptive analysis, and the focus group discussion was subject to inductive thematic analysis.
RESULTS: A total of 12 undergraduate, second-year medical students from the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine in Singapore participated in the study. FSS results indicated a moderate level of overall flow (mean score 4.94, SD 1.07) via the subdomains of fluency (mean score 4.77, SD 1.13) and absorption (mean score 5.21, SD 1.1). Students perceived the game as fun, enjoyable, engaging, and appropriate as a rehearsal tool that alleviated the monotony of traditional methods of rehearsal.
CONCLUSIONS: Our digital board game-based rehearsal tool, when based on SDT, appeared to be suitable for gamified rehearsal in a fun and enjoyable environment due to its facilitation of intrinsic motivation in its players.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.547687.].

Changes of view on the course of the transpiration stream beyond the veins in leaves are followed from the imbibition theory of Sachs, through the (symplastic) endosmotic theory of Pfeffer (which prevailed almost unquestioned until the late 1930s), to Strugger\'s experiments with fluorescent dye tracers and the epifluorescence microscope. This latter work persuaded many to return to the apoplastic-(wall)-path viewpoint, which, despite early and late criticisms that were never rebutted, is still widely held. Tracer experiments of the same kind are still frequently published without consideration of the evidence that they do not reveal the paths of water movement. Experiments on rehydration kinetics of leaves have not produced unequivocal evidence for either path. The detailed destinies of the solutes that reach the leaf in the transpiration stream have received little attention. Consideration of physical principles governing flow and evaporation in a transpiring leaf emphasizes that: (1) Diffusion over interveinal distances at the rates in water will account for substantial solute movement in a few minutes, even in the absence of flow. (2) Diffusion can occur also against opposing now. (3) Volume fluxes in veins are determined by the diameter of the largest leaves examined contain high conductance supply veins which are tapped into by low-conductance distributing veins. (4) Edges and teeth of leaves will be places of especially rapid evaporation, and they often have high-conductance veins leading to them. (5) Solutes in the stream will tend to accumulate at leaf margins. On the basis of recent work, the view is maintained that the water of the stream enters the symplast through cell membranes very close to tracheary elements. Also, that this occurs locally over a small area of membrane. Many solutes in the stream are left outside in the apoplast. This produces regions of high solute concentration in the apoplast and an enrichment of solutes in the stream as it perfuses the leaf. Solutes that enter the symplast are not so easily tracked. Suggestions about where some of them may go can be gained from a fluorescent probe that identifies particular cells (scavenging cells) as having H+ -ATPase porter systems to scrub selected solutes from the stream. Unpublished case-histories are presented which illustrate many aspects of these processes and principles. These are: (1) Maize leaf veins, where the symplastic water path starts at the parenchyma sheath; (2) Lupin veins, where the symplastic path starts at the bundle sheath and where solutes are concentrated in blind terminations; (3) The edges of maize leaves where flow is enhanced by a large vein (open to the apoplast), and solutes are deposited in the apoplast by evaporation; (4) Poplar leaf teeth, which receive strong flows, and where the epithem cells are scavenging cells; (5) Mimosa leaf marginal hairs, which have scavenging cells at their base; (6) Active hydathodes, whose epithem cells are scavenging cells; (7) Pine needle transfusion tissue, which is a site of both solute enrichment (in the tracheids), and scavenging (in the parenchyma); (8) Estimates are made of diffusion coefficients of a solute both along and at right angles to the major diffusive pathway in wheat leaves. The first is 1000 times the second, but is 1/100 of free diffusion in water. Five general themes of the behaviour and organization of the transpiration stream are induced from the facts reviewed. These are: (1) The stream is channelled into courses of graded intensities by the interplay of the physical forces with the anatomical features, each course with a distinct contribution to the processing of the stream. (2) Water enters the symplast at precise locations as close as possible to the tracheary elements. (3) As the stream moves through the leaf its solute concentration is enriched many-fold at predictable sites. (4) Solutes excluded from the symplast diffuse from these sources of high concentration in specially formed wall paths, in precise patterns, at rates which can be measured, and which are low compared with diffusion in water. (5) Other solutes permeate the symplast, often over the surfaces of groups of cells which are organized into recognized structural features. CONTENTS Summary 341 I. What becomes of the transpiration stream ? 342 II. Review 343 III. Preview 355 IV. Overview 361 Acknowledgements 365 References 365.

BACKGROUND: The mechanism of nasal airflow sensation is poorly understood. This study aimed to examine the role of nasal mucosal temperature change in the subjective perception of nasal patency and the methods by which it can be quantified.
METHODS: Medline and PubMed database searches were performed to retrieve literature relevant to the topic.
RESULTS: The primary mechanism producing the sensation of nasal patency is thought to be the activation of transient receptor potential melastatin family member 8 (\'TRPM8\'), a thermoreceptor that is activated by nasal mucosal cooling. Computational fluid dynamics studies have demonstrated that increased airflow and heat flux are correlated with better patient-reported outcome measure scores. Similarly, physical measurements of the nasal cavity using temperature probes have shown a correlation between lower nasal mucosal temperatures and better patient-reported outcome measure scores.
CONCLUSIONS: Nasal mucosal temperature change may be correlated with the perception of improved nasal patency. Future research should quantify the impact of mucosal cooling on the perception of nasal airway obstruction.

The flow state is defined by intense involvement in an activity with high degrees of concentration and focused attention accompanied by a sense of pleasure. Video games are effective tools for inducing flow, and keeping players in this state is considered to be one of the central goals of game design. Many studies have focused on the underlying physiological and neural mechanisms of flow. Results are inconsistent when describing a unified mechanism underlying this mental state. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the physiological and neural correlates of flow and explains the relationship between the reported physiological and neural markers of the flow experience. Despite the heterogeneous results, it seems possible to establish associations between reported markers and the cognitive and experiential aspects of flow, particularly regarding arousal, attention control, reward processing, automaticity, and self-referential processing.

Self-transcendence has been characterized as a decrease in self-saliency (ego disillusionment) and increased connection, and has been growing in research interest in the past decade. Several measures have been developed and published with some degree of psychometric validity and reliability. However, to date, there has been no review systematically describing, contrasting, and evaluating the different methodological approaches toward measuring self-transcendence including questionnaires, neurological and physiological measures, and qualitative methods. To address this gap, we conducted a review to describe existing methods of measuring self-transcendence, evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of these methods, and discuss research avenues to advance assessment of self-transcendence, including recommendations for suitability of methods given research contexts.