A 59-year-old woman, smoker, hypertensive, without a previous history of coronary artery disease referred several episodes of epigastric pain, after exercise electrocardiogram was referred to coronary angiography. It revealed extensive coronary calcification, with a suboccluded left anterior descending (LAD) and a calcified aneurysm of the right coronary artery (RCA), partially filled with thrombus. Coronary-computed tomography showed aneurysmal saccular dilatation of the proximal LAD entirely thrombosed with subocclusion, and a fusiform aneurysm in the proximal RCA, partially thrombosed. The patient was referred for surgical treatment. In our patient, congenital etiology of the aneurysms was unlikely, since the patient did not present congenital heart disease or known genetically inherited disorders. Among acquired aneurysms, the most common cause is represented by atherosclerosis. Other potential causes are connective tissue disorders, trauma, infections, iatrogenic, and Kawasaki syndrome. Usual complications include myocardial ischemia and infarction, embolism, rupture, fistulization, and thrombosis (clearly represented in our case). Current recommendations about management strategies of coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs) are focused on small case series and based on aneurysm\'s location and morphology, patient\'s characteristics, and clinical presentation. Medical treatment strategies include antiplatelet therapy or anticoagulant. Other therapeutical options are percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass graft. In our case, the heart team opted for surgical treatment due to the subocclusion of the proximal LAD and considering stable angina as admitting diagnosis. Moreover, the CAAs were placed in proximal segments, with a large amount of thrombus, so related with high risk for complications if PCI was performed.

Kawasaki disease is an acute self-limiting systemic vasculitis in childhood, resulting in arterial swelling or inflammation and eventually leading to cardiovascular problems, such as coronary artery aneurysms. Based on previous studies, serum sodium ≤133 mmol/L, albumin ≤3.2 g/dL, alanine transaminase ≥80 U/L, and neutrophil percentage ≥80% at diagnosis are risk factors for intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). However, the prevalence of resistance to Ig among children with Kawasaki disease varies among different countries due to diversity in evaluation, treatment, and diagnosis. Approximately, 10% to 20% of patients have IVIg-resistant Kawasaki disease. As the probability of coronary artery damage associated with IVIg-resistant Kawasaki disease is higher than that with IVIg-sensitive Kawasaki disease, the early detection and appropriate treatment of IVIg-resistant Kawasaki disease can decrease the probability of damage to coronary arteries and hospital lengths of stay and cost. Kawasaki disease in early infancy is uncommon, and sometimes it occurs with thrombosis and peripheral gangrene. A positive genetic background may play a role in susceptibility to thrombosis. We herein describe a patient suffering from an IVIg-resistant Kawasaki disease with severe coronary artery thrombosis and positive genetic mutation. Medical treatment resolved the thrombosis, but the coronary arteries remained dilated.

Kawasaki illness is an inflammatory condition of small- to medium-sized vessels that primarily affects children. It affects the lymph nodes, skin, mucous membranes, and heart, especially the coronary arteries. Patients who lack the comprehensive clinical manifestations of classic Kawasaki disease (KD) are typically evaluated for incomplete KD. Such patients have persistent fever and lack one or more characteristic clinical signs. Here, we present a case of a 16-month-old baby presented with fever for nine days, excessive crying and irritability for four days, and refusal to feed for one day with pallor and developed lip cracking, mucositis, bilateral edema, and redness in the palms and soles followed by periungual desquamation. Lab evaluations revealed anemia, elevated white cell count, and c-reactive protein along sterile pyuria. Since the child became afebrile after ten days of illness, inflammatory marker levels decreased, and no coronary artery abnormalities were detected on 2D echocardiography, and the child was diagnosed with incomplete KD based on the clinical, laboratory, and radiological evaluations after ruling out all other possible causes. He was managed conservatively with low-dose aspirin, and the child was doing well on a two-month follow-up.

UNASSIGNED: Due to the increasing prevalence of Kawasaki Disease (KD) in adulthood, the number of women considering pregnancy is growing. There are limited data on the course of pregnancy in KD with coronary artery involvement.
UNASSIGNED: We report on the pregnancy outcome of a 30-year-old woman with KD who was successfully resuscitated for ventricular tachycardia 3 years before. At that time, bypass surgery and later implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation were performed because of thrombotically occluded calcified giant coronary aneurysms. The pregnancy course was initially uncomplicated, however, at 31 weeks of gestation, left-sided breast cancer was diagnosed. Weighing maximum therapeutic efficacy against acceptable foetal and maternal cardiotoxic risk, our multidisciplinary team decided on neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The mother and foetus tolerated the therapy well. However, at 36 weeks of gestation, due to HELLP (haemolysis, elevated liver, low platelets) syndrome, a caesarean section had to be performed. The newborn was healthy with good APGAR (appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration) scores. Three weeks after delivery, chemotherapy was restarted and at Week 4 after the caesarean section, the tumour was no more detectable.
UNASSIGNED: We discuss data on pregnancy and KD and outline that pregnancy can be considered if the clinical condition is good and left ventricular function is preserved. We also address possible therapeutic approaches and care for breast cancer in pregnancy and coexisting cardiovascular disease. The extraordinary importance of interdisciplinary cooperation between different disciplines in such complex clinical disease conditions is emphasized.

暂无摘要。

Isolated coronary arteritis without systemic involvement in adults is exceedingly rare. A 60-year-old patient developed recurrent non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions for 1 year. After an initial coronary angiogram that was normal, serial angiograms showed de novo aneurysm formation. The patient responded favorably to corticosteroids, supporting the diagnosis of isolated coronary arteritis. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).

UNASSIGNED: Multiple coronary-to-pulmonary artery fistulas (CPAFs) with giant coronary aneurysms (CAs) are extremely rare. The appropriate therapeutic indication and strategy for CPAFs have not been established.
UNASSIGNED: Herein, we report the case of an asymptomatic 74-year-old woman with multiple CPAFs associated with giant CAs that had gradually developed over a 4-year period. After heart team discussion, we were successfully treated by minimally invasive intervention using transcatheter coil embolization and coronary stent implantation to prevent ruptures.
UNASSIGNED: Coronary-to-pulmonary artery fistulas required evaluation of the appropriate timing of therapy initiation with reference to the presence of symptoms and fistula and aneurysm sizes, and determination of the optimal therapeutic approach with reference to the anatomy of the fistula with aneurysm and patient background characteristics.

Kawasaki disease is a common childhood vasculitis which may result in cardiovascular morbidity if not adequately treated. Its epidemiology in the African region is not well described. Its features may mimic other childhood infections and hemoglobinopathies and it is rarely diagnosed in the East African region. These are the first reports of this disease from Tanzania.
We present two cases of complete Kawasaki disease seen over a 2 year period and diagnosed as per the criteria defined by the American Heart Association. One child was and infant and the other a 3 year old. Both of them presented with a prolonged fever and mucocutaneous findings. None of the children developed coronary artery aneurysms. One was treated with aspirin alone and the other with both aspirin and intravenous immunoglobulin. Both children had complete recovery and did not have any cardiovascular sequelae.
Kawasaki disease may be more common in the East African region than previously thought. It should be considered as a differential diagnosis in children who present with a prolonged fever of greater than 5 days and mucocutaneous findings. More awareness about this condition, its epidemiology, diagnosis and management are required in order to prevent the cardiovascular morbidity associated with it.

Kawasaki disease is a self-limited vasculitis that occurs predominantly in infants and young children, that is characterized by coronary artery lesions (especially aneurysms). It is one of the leading causes of acquired heart disease in children. The etiology of Kawasaki disease still remains unknown. A hypothesis is that an infectious agent produces clinically apparent disease only in certain genetically predisposed individuals. It also is possible that the disease results from an immunologic response and is triggered by different microbial agents. For unknown reason it dominates in Asians. Treatment is directed to prevent coronary thrombosis and reduce inflammation; it is based on high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin and acetyl salicylic acid, which significantly reduce the risk of coronary artery aneurysms from 25 to 4%. In order to reduce myocardial ischemia, percutaneous coronary interventions and coronary artery bypass graft can be used. There is a lot of information about surgical techniques for coronary artery complications linked to Kawasaki disease, but minimal information about anesthetic techniques; for this reason, we describe the anesthetic management of a patient who required coronary artery bypass graft, and we present a literature review on the topic.