Sleep and brain/cognitive/neural reserve significantly impact well-being and cognition throughout life. This review aims to explore the intricate relationship between such factors, with reference to their effects on human cognitive functions. The specific goal is to understand the bidirectional influence that sleep and reserve exert on each other. Up to 6 February 2024, a methodical search of the literature was conducted using the PubMed database with terms related to brain, cognitive or neural reserve, and healthy or disturbed sleep. Based on the inclusion criteria, 11 articles were selected and analyzed for this review. The articles focus almost exclusively on cognitive reserve, with no explicit connection between sleep and brain or neural reserve. The results evidence sleep\'s role as a builder of cognitive reserve and cognitive reserve\'s role as a moderator in the effects of physiological and pathological sleep on cognitive functions. In conclusion, the findings of the present review support the notion that both sleep and cognitive reserve are critical factors in cognitive functioning. Deepening comprehension of the interactions between them is essential for devising strategies to enhance brain health and resilience against age- and pathology-related conditions.

Light regulates both image- and various non-image forming responses in humans, including acute effects on attention and affect. To advance the understanding of light\'s immediate effects, this systematic review describes the acute effects of monochromatic/narrow bandwidth and polychromatic white light during daytime on distinct aspects of attention (alertness, sustained attention, working memory, attentional control and flexibility), and measures of affect (self-report measures, performance-based tests, psychophysiological measures) in healthy, adult human subjects. Original, peer-reviewed (quasi-) experimental studies published between 2000 and May 2024 were included according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Study quality was assessed, and results were synthesized across aspects of attention and affect and grouped according to light interventions; monochromatic/narrowband-width or polychromatic white light (regular white, bright white, and white with high correlated color temperature (CCT)). Results from included studies (n = 62) showed that alertness and working memory were most affected by light. Electroencephalographic markers of alertness improved the most with exposure to narrow bandwidth long-wavelength light, regular white, and white light with high CCT. Self-reported alertness and measures of working memory improved the most with bright white light. Results from studies testing the acute effects on sustained attention and attentional control and flexibility were inconclusive. Performance-based and psychophysiological measures of affect were only influenced by narrow bandwidth long-wavelength light. Polychromatic white light exerted mixed effects on self-reported affect. Studies were strongly heterogeneous in terms of light stimuli characteristics and reporting of light stimuli and control of variables influencing light\'s acute effects.

OBJECTIVE: There exists a deficiency in a distinct understanding of the intervention effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) exercise therapies (Tai Chi, Yi Jin Jing, Ba Duan Jin, Liu Zi Jue, Qigong, Wu Qin Xi etc.) on cognitive function and its moderating variables in the elderly. This study aims to systematically evaluate the effects of TCM exercise therapies on the cognitive function of the elderly and further propose the best exercise intervention programme to delay the cognitive decline of the elderly.
METHODS: PubMed, EBSCO host, Web of Science, EMbase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wan Fang databases were searched for the effects of TCM exercise therapies on the cognitive function in older adults until July 2022. A meta-analysis of the included literature was performed using Stata 12.0 software, with a subgroup analysis of seven moderating variables: subject type, intervention content, intervention duration, intervention frequency, intervention period, study type and sample size. A random effects model was used to combine the overall effect sizes and to test for heterogeneity and publication bias across studies.
RESULTS: A total of 20 publications with 1975 subjects were included. The TCM exercise therapies delayed cognitive decline in older adults (d = 0.83; 95 % CI [0.62-1.04]; P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis found that intervention content, intervention duration, intervention frequency, and intervention period were significant moderating variables influencing the effectiveness of the intervention. Among them, the Ba Duan Jin intervention (d = 0.85; 95 % CI [0.65-1.06]; P < 0.001), the duration of each exercise session of 60 min or more (d = 0.86; 95 % CI [0.71-1.00]; P < 0.001), the frequency of exercise of more than 5 times per week (d = 0.80; 95 % CI [0.64-0.96]; P < 0.001) and exercise cycles of 6-9 months (d = 0.96; 95 % CI [0.80-1.12]; P < 0.001) produced the largest effect sizes.
CONCLUSIONS: TCM exercise therapies can effectively improve the cognitive function of the elderly. The best effect on the cognitive function of the elderly was achieved by choosing Ba Duan Jin and exercising at least five times a week for at least 60 min each time for a total of 6-9 months. The effect size of the TCM exercise therapy interventions on the cognitive function in older adults may be overestimated because of publication bias. In addition, large-sample, multicenter, high-quality randomised controlled trials should be conducted to validate this result.

UNASSIGNED: Cognitive functions play a crucial role in individual\'s life since they represent the mental abilities necessary to perform any activity. During working life, having healthy cognitive functioning is essential for the proper performance of work, but it is especially crucial for preserving cognitive abilities and thus ensuring healthy cognitive aging after retirement. The aim of this paper was to systematically review the scientific literature related to the effects of work on cognitive functions to assess which work-related factors most adversely affect them.
UNASSIGNED: We queried the PubMed and Scopus electronic databases, in February 2023, according to the PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO ID number = CRD42023439172), and articles were included if they met all the inclusion criteria and survived a quality assessment. From an initial pool of 61,781 papers, we retained a final sample of 64 articles, which were divided into 5 categories based on work-related factors: shift work (n = 39), sedentary work (n = 7), occupational stress (n = 12), prolonged working hours (n = 3), and expertise (n = 3).
UNASSIGNED: The results showed that shift work, occupational stress, and, probably, prolonged working hours have detrimental effects on cognitive functioning; instead, results related to sedentary work and expertise on cognitive functions are inconclusive and extremely miscellaneous.
UNASSIGNED: Therefore, workplace health and well-being promotion should consider reducing or rescheduling night shift, the creation of less demanding and more resourceful work environments and the use of micro-breaks to preserve workers\' cognitive functioning both before and after retirement.
UNASSIGNED: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023439172, identifier CRD42023439172.

Awake craniotomy (AC) allows intraoperative brain mapping (ioBM) for maximum lesion resection while monitoring and preserving neurological function. Conventionally, language, visuospatial assessment, and motor functions are mapped, while the assessment of executive functions (EF) is uncommon. Impaired EF may lead to occupational, personal, and social limitations, thus, a compromised quality of life. A comprehensive literature search was conducted through Scopus, Medline, and Cochrane Library using a pre-defined search strategy. Articles were selected after duplicate removal, initial screening, and full-text assessment. The demographic details, ioBM techniques, intraoperative tasks, and their assessments, the extent of resection (EOR), post-op EF and neurocognitive status, and feasibility and potential adverse effects of the procedure were reviewed. The correlations of tumor locations with intraoperative EF deficits were also assessed. A total of 13 studies with intraoperative EF assessment of 351 patients were reviewed. Awake-asleep-awake protocol was most commonly used. Most studies performed ioBM using bipolar stimulation, with a frequency of 60 Hz, pulse durations ranging 1-2 ms, and intensity ranging 2-6 mA. Cognitive function was monitored with the Stroop task, spatial-2-back test, line-bisection test, trail-making-task, and digit-span tests. All studies reported similar or better EOR in patients with ioBM for EF. When comparing the neuropsychological outcomes of patients with ioBM of EF to those without it, all studies reported significantly better EF preservation in ioBM groups. Most authors reported EF mapping as a feasible tool to obtain satisfactory outcomes. Adverse effects included intraoperative seizures which were easily controlled. AC with ioBM of EF is a safe, effective, and feasible technique that allows satisfactory EOR and improved neurocognitive outcomes with minimal adverse effects.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that exhibits a widely heterogeneous range of social and cognitive symptoms. This feature has challenged a broad comprehension of this neurodevelopmental disorder and therapeutic efforts to address its difficulties. Current therapeutic strategies have focused primarily on treating behavioral symptoms rather than on brain psychophysiology. During the past years, the emergence of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques (NIBS) has opened alternatives to the design of potential combined treatments focused on the neurophysiopathology of neuropsychiatric disorders like ASD. Such interventions require identifying the key brain mechanisms underlying the symptomatology and cognitive features. Evidence has shown alterations in oscillatory features of the neural ensembles associated with cognitive functions in ASD. In this line, we elaborated a systematic revision of the evidence of alterations in brain oscillations that underlie key cognitive processes that have been shown to be affected in ASD during childhood and adolescence, namely, social cognition, attention, working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility. This knowledge could contribute to developing therapies based on NIBS to improve these processes in populations with ASD.

BACKGROUND: A systematic review and meta-analysis with narrative synthesis was conducted to evaluate the impact of dance exergaming on older adults\' health-related outcomes and its feasibility, usability, and safety.
METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, and Google Scholar were searched from inception to December 7, 2023. Interventional studies using immersive or nonimmersive virtual reality platforms conducted on older adults ≥60 years old were eligible. Meta-analysis was conducted using the random effects model by pooling mean differences (MD) or standardized mean differences. Outcomes were narratively synthesized when meta-analysis was not possible.
RESULTS: Forty-three articles from 37 studies were included (n = 1 139 participants at baseline). Postintervention, dynamic balance measured using Berg Balance Scale (pooled MD = 2.65, 95% CI: 1.73-3.57, p < .0001), Timed-Up-and-Go times (pooled MD = -1.04, 95% CI: -2.06 to -0.03, p = .04), choice stepping reaction time (pooled MD = -92.48, 95% CI: -167.30 to -17.67, p = .02), and movement time (pooled MD = -50.33, 95% CI: -83.34 to -17.33, p = .003) were significantly better in the experimental group compared to the control group. Adherence ranged from 76.5% to 100%, whereas attrition ranged from 9.1% to 31.9%. Most participants completed the intervention with no or minimal adverse effects.
CONCLUSIONS: Dance exergames are effective, feasible, usable, and safe for older adults. Further research is needed as the findings were limited by small sample sizes. Many studies could not be included in the meta-analysis as outcomes were too varied.

UNASSIGNED: Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) is a common and devastating neurological ailment that affects millions of the elderly worldwide. Therapeutic toys and games have emerged as potential non-pharmacological interventions for AD. However, despite a growing number of documents on the subject, research on the future direction of therapeutic toys and games for AD remains scarce. To address this gap, this study aims to (1) map the future trends of therapeutic toys and games for AD and (2) identify the categories and design characteristics.
UNASSIGNED: Using a thematic review framework, a systematic literature search was conducted in two electronic databases (Scopus and WoS) using established criteria. Thematic analysis was done using ATLAS.ti 23 to identify prominent themes, patterns and trends.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 180 documents were found. Twenty-five articles met the inclusion criteria. A thematic review of these 25 articles identified 13 initial codes, which were been clustered into four themes: detection and evaluation; intervention; toy/game category; and design characteristics. The word \"Cognitive\" appears most frequently in documents according to word cloud.
UNASSIGNED: Therapeutic toys and games are used to detect and as an intervention for AD. Most of the current studies focused on specific cognitive functions. More research is needed about play therapy for neuropsychiatric symptoms. This thematic review also proposed a conceptual framework for designing toys and games tailored to the needs of the elderly with AD, offering valuable insights to future researchers focusing on this domain.
Most studies focused on cognitive function among Alzheimer’s patients.More research is needed about the rehabilitation of neuropsychiatric symptoms among Alzheimer’s patients.Games and toys have been evaluated as beneficial for detecting and as an intervention for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). More research is needed about how to design games or toys tailored to the needs of the elderly with AD.

Recent advances in blood-based biomarkers of Alzheimer\'s Disease (AD) show great promise for clinical applications, offering a less invasive alternative to current cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) measures. However, the relationships between these biomarkers and specific cognitive functions, as well as their utility in predicting longitudinal cognitive decline, are not yet fully understood. This descriptive review surveys the literature from 2018 to 2023, focusing on the associations of amyloid-β (Aβ), Total Tau (t-Tau), Phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau), Neurofilament Light (NfL), and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) with cognitive measures. The reviewed studies are heterogeneous, varying in design and population (cognitively unimpaired, cognitively impaired, or mixed populations), and show results that are sometimes conflicting. Generally, cognition positively correlates with Aβ levels, especially when evaluated through the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio. In contrast, t-Tau, p-Tau, Nfl, and GFAP levels typically show a negative correlation with cognitive performance. While p-Tau measures generally exhibit stronger associations with cognitive functions compared to other biomarkers, no single blood marker has emerged as being predominantly linked to a specific cognitive domain. These findings contribute to our understanding of the complex relationship between blood biomarkers and cognitive performance and underscore their potential utility in clinical assessments of cognition.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to conduct meta-analysis to determine whether the high intensity interval training (HIIT) protocol is more beneficial in improving outcome measures compared to moderate continuous training (MCT) in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). It also aimed to systematically review the exercise protocols differences.
METHODS: A search strategy, locating HIIT in PwMS, was executed in six databases, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Central Cochrane, Pedro, and Ovid MEDLine.
METHODS: Randomized control trials of HIIT utilizing cycle ergometer or recumbent stepper as exercise modalities were included in analysis. Intervention arms should include at least two intervention arms, including HIIT in one arm, and MCT in the other group.
METHODS: Data extracted from each study includes the following items: basic details of the study (such as author, date of publication, location, and study design), participant characteristics (sample size, mean age, sex, mean disease duration, and extended disability status scale), specifications of the HITT protocol (exercise modality, session duration, number of intervals/session, interval intensity, recovery intensity, recovery interval, and adverse effect), as well as primary outcomes at baseline and post-intervention (cardiorespiratory fitness, fatigue, body composition, cognitive functions, and blood biomarkers).
RESULTS: 22 studies included in the systematic review, 11 were included in random effects model pooled analysis. There was a significant effect in favor of HIIT for VO2max of cardiorespiratory functions compared to MCT (ES=0.45 95%, CI [0.14, 0.76], P=.004), and for memory domain of cognitive functions (ES=0.34 95% CI [0.05, 0.63], P=.02). Statistical significance was not achieved for the other variables.
CONCLUSIONS: HIIT and MCT yield similar results in terms of fatigue, body composition, cognitive functions, and blood biomarkers. However, VO2max of cardiorespiratory functions and memory domain of cognitive functions were in favor of HIIT protocol.