botanicals

植物药
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:病虫害是撒哈拉以南非洲产量损失的主要原因,促使小农寻求具有成本效益的,可获得的和生态友好的作物保护替代品。这项研究探索了影响Ehlanzeni区八个选定村庄农作物的病虫害的管理,姆普马兰加省,南非。
    方法:利用雪球技术有目的地选择了120个小农。使用半结构化访谈时间表,通过访谈和焦点小组讨论收集了有关植物病虫害管理的信息。民族植物学指数,包括相对引用频率(RFC),使用价值(UV)和线人共识因子(FIC),用于对研究区域中用于作物保护的植物进行量化和排名。
    结果:属于16个科的23种植物(16种自然外来植物和7种本地植物)用于管理害虫(脊椎动物和无脊椎动物)和影响作物的疾病(真菌和细菌相关)研究区域。参与者种植的主要(100%)作物是洋葱,印度芒果,SolanumlycopersicumL.和ZeamaysL.RFC值范围为0.08至0.83,三种最受欢迎的作物保护植物是CapciumannuumL.(0.83),A.cepa(0.63)和Dichrostachyscinerea(L.)怀特和阿恩。(0.43)。就UV而言,用作生物防治的五种最有前途的植物是Tulbaghiaviolacea(0.13),A.cepa(0.12),C.annuumL.(0.09),茄属喜树根。前A.Richi.(0.09)和松果松(0.08)。基于FIC,建立了四个类别,并以真菌病为主(0.64)。此外,紫罗兰T.和A.cepa是最常被提及的对抗真菌条件的植物。引用的其他类别是细菌性疾病(0.3),无脊椎动物害虫(0.11)和脊椎动物害虫(0.14),这表明小农对用于其管理的植物的共识或常识有限。制备方法包括浸渍(38%),汤剂(38%)和灼烧(24%)。在处理作物病虫害期间,叶面施用(67%)和土壤浸透(33%)用于施用植物提取物。
    结论:该研究强调了植物药和相关土著知识在姆普马兰加省小农中的重要性,南非。通过生成有关其生物功效和植物化学概况的经验数据来探索这些植物药的价值是相关的。
    BACKGROUND: Pests and diseases are a major contributor to yield losses in sub-Saharan Africa, prompting smallholder farmers to seek cost-effective, accessible and ecologically friendly alternatives for crop protection. This study explored the management of pests and diseases affecting crops across eight selected villages in Ehlanzeni District, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa.
    METHODS: A total of 120 smallholder farmers were purposefully selected utilising the snowball technique. Information on the management of plant pests and diseases was collected through interviews and focus group discussions using semi-structured interview schedules. Ethnobotanical indices, including relative frequency of citation (RFC), use-value (UV) and informant consensus factor (Fic), were used to quantify and rank the plants used for crop protection in the study area.
    RESULTS: Twenty-three plant species (16 naturalised exotics and seven indigenous plants) belonging to 16 families were used for managing pests (vertebrates and invertebrates) and diseases (fungal and bacterial related) affecting crops in the study area. The dominant (100%) crops cultivated by the participants were Allium cepa L., Mangifera indica L., Solanum lycopersicum L. and Zea mays L. The RFC value ranged from 0.08 to 0.83 and the three most popular plants for crop protection were Capsium annuum L. (0.83), A. cepa (0.63) and Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. (0.43). In terms of the UV, the five most promising plants used as biocontrol were Tulbaghia violacea (0.13), A. cepa (0.12), C. annuum L. (0.09), Solanum campylacanthum Hochst. Ex A.Rich.(0.09) and Pinus pinaster (0.08). Based on the Fic, four categories were established and dominated by fungal diseases (0.64). Furthermore, T. violacea and A. cepa were the most often mentioned plants used against fungal conditions. Other categories cited were bacterial diseases (0.3), invertebrate pests (0.11) and vertebrate pests (0.14), an indication that smallholder farmers had limited agreement or common knowledge about the plants used for their management. The preparation methods included maceration (38%), decoction (38%) and burning (24%). Foliar application (67%) and soil drenching (33%) were used for administering plant extracts during the management of crop pests and diseases.
    CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights the importance of botanicals and associated indigenous knowledge among smallholder farmers in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. It is pertinent to explore the valorisation of these botanicals by generating empirical data on their biological efficacies and phytochemical profiles.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    植物天然产物与常规药物的共同消费日益增加,这加剧了人们对了解药物安全性和有效性的潜在影响的需求。这篇综述深入研究了植物天然产物与药物之间的肠道药代动力学相互作用的复杂性,例如药物溶解度的改变,渗透性,转运活动,和酶介导的代谢。它强调了了解药物溶解度的重要性,溶出度,和渗透压与胃肠道中的植物成分相互作用,可能改变药物吸收和全身暴露。与主要关注酶和转运蛋白机制的评论不同,这篇文章强调了鲜为人知但同样重要的相互作用机制。应用生物制药药物处置分类系统(BDDCS)可以作为预测和理解这些相互作用的框架。通过全面检查特定的植物天然产物,如byakkokaninjinto,绿茶儿茶素,goldenseal,菠菜提取物,还有槲皮素,我们说明了这些相互作用的多样性以及它们对药物的理化性质和所涉及的植物成分的依赖性。这种理解对于医疗保健专业人员有效预测和管理潜在的天然产物-药物相互作用至关重要。确保最佳的患者治疗结果。通过探索这些新兴的机制,我们的目标是扩大天然产物-药物相互作用研究的范围,并鼓励全面的研究,以更好地阐明复杂的机制。
    The growing co-consumption of botanical natural products with conventional medications has intensified the need to understand potential effects on drug safety and efficacy. This review delves into the intricacies of intestinal pharmacokinetic interactions between botanical natural products and drugs, such as alterations in drug solubility, permeability, transporter activity, and enzyme-mediated metabolism. It emphasizes the importance of understanding how drug solubility, dissolution, and osmolality interplay with botanical constituents in the gastrointestinal tract, potentially altering drug absorption and systemic exposure. Unlike reviews that focus primarily on enzyme and transporter mechanisms, this article highlights the lesser known but equally important mechanisms of interaction. Applying the Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) can serve as a framework for predicting and understanding these interactions. Through a comprehensive examination of specific botanical natural products such as byakkokaninjinto, green tea catechins, goldenseal, spinach extract, and quercetin, we illustrate the diversity of these interactions and their dependence on the physicochemical properties of the drug and the botanical constituents involved. This understanding is vital for healthcare professionals to effectively anticipate and manage potential natural product-drug interactions, ensuring optimal patient therapeutic outcomes. By exploring these emerging mechanisms, we aim to broaden the scope of natural product-drug interaction research and encourage comprehensive studies to better elucidate complex mechanisms.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    辣椒蓟马,sirtopthripsdorsalisHood(Thysanoptera:Thripidae)已成为美国草莓Fragaria×ananassaDuchesne的一种严重入侵性害虫。这项研究的目的是评估生物农药和蓟马捕食者的田间功效,AmblyseiusswirskiiAthias-Henriot用于田间种植的草莓中的S.dorsalis管理,与在UF/IFASGCREC进行的当前行业标准(spinetoram)的合成杀虫剂应用相比,FL在2021-2022年和2022-2023年进行了为期2年的实地研究。在该领域应用了以下处理:(1)生物农药,辣椒油树脂提取物+大蒜油+菜籽油以最大标签率施用;(2)蓟马的捕食螨,旋流杆菌在每个地块30个捕食者处释放;(3)以最大标签率施用spinetoram;(4)在旋流杆菌释放前24小时施用生物农药。维持了没有杀虫剂或掠食性螨释放的对照地块。结果表明,辣椒提取物可用于管理背藻,特别是在草莓田季节的后期,对spinetoram的抵抗力很高。旋流虫的田间表现是可变的,需要进行广泛的研究以突出影响捕食性螨在蓟马管理中的田间表现的因素。
    Chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) has emerged as a severe invasive pest of strawberry Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne in the United States. The objective of this study was to assess the field efficacy of a biopesticide and thrips predator, Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot for S. dorsalis management in field grown strawberry compared to synthetic insecticide applications that are current industry standard (spinetoram) conducted at UF/IFAS GCREC, FL during 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 in a 2-year field study. The following treatments were applied in the field: (1) biopesticide, capsicum oleoresin extract + garlic oil + canola oil application at maximum label rate; (2) predatory mite of thrips, A. swirskii released at 30 predators per plot; (3) spinetoram applied at maximum label rate; and (4) biopesticide applied 24 h before release of A. swirskii. A control plot with no insecticide or predatory mite releases was maintained. Results show that the capsicum extract can be used for management of S. dorsalis, especially during the latter stages of strawberry field season when resistance to spinetoram is high. The field performance of A. swirskii was variable and extensive research is needed to highlight factors affecting field performance of predatory mites for thrips management.
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  • 文章类型: Historical Article
    而医疗实践源于希波克拉底,心血管科学起源于亚里士多德。希波克拉底哲学受到盖伦(129-216CE)的拥护,他对三方灵魂的倡导在早期的基督教会中得到了青睐。相比之下,亚里士多德的作品被教会权威禁止为异端,只有在伊斯兰黄金时代(公元775-1258年)才能生存和繁荣。Galen认为循环由独立的静脉和动脉系统组成。血液在肝脏中产生,并通过静脉离心。当到达右心室时,静脉血通过室间隔的小孔进入左心室,它被从肺部通过肺静脉到心脏左侧的空气充气。到达远端位置后,动脉血消失了,被组织消耗,要求肝脏需要不断合成新的血液。心脏被视为吸吮器官,外周脉搏被认为是动脉张力变化的结果,而不是心脏收缩.盖伦的框架在1300年的时间里一直是无可争议和主导的医学思想,但是,亚里士多德原则从伊斯兰世界重新引入欧洲(通过托莱多翻译学院的努力)是由帕多瓦大学独特的学术自由和反传统环境培育的,威尼斯人对教皇权威的叛乱成为可能。在帕多瓦,AndreasVesalius的作品,RealdoColombo,法布里丘斯阁下,威廉·哈维(1543-1628)有条不紊地摧毁了加伦的模型,导致了封闭式流通的现代概念。然而,由于政治力量,哈维被嘲笑了,詹姆斯·林德也是如此,进行了第一次前瞻性对照试验,涉及柑橘类水果的镰刀病(1747);它花了近50年,他的工作被接受。威廉·威灵(1785)心血管药理学之父,被专业人士嫉妒和一家制药公司的营销活动玷污了。今天的心血管研究人员应该明白,出于政治或个人原因,医疗机构通常会嘲笑重大进展;重要的工作可能需要几十年或几个世纪才能被接受。
    Whereas medical practice stems from Hippocrates, cardiovascular science originates with Aristotle. The Hippocratic philosophy was championed by Galen (129-216 CE), whose advocacy of a tripartite soul found favor in the early Christian Church. In contrast, Aristotle\'s works were banned as heresy by ecclesiastical authority, only to survive and prosper in the Islamic Golden Age (775-1258 CE). Galen theorized that the circulation consisted of separate venous and arterial systems. Blood was produced in the liver and traveled centrifugally through veins. When arriving in the right ventricle, venous blood passed through tiny pores in the ventricular septum into the left ventricle, where it became aerated by air passing from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart. Following arrival at distal sites, arterial blood disappeared, being consumed by the tissues, requiring that the liver needed to continually synthesize new blood. The heart was viewed as a sucking organ, and the peripheral pulse was deemed to result from changes in arterial tone, rather than cardiac systole. Galen\'s framework remained undisputed and dominated medical thought for 1,300 years, but the reintroduction of Aristotelian principles from the Islamic world into Europe (through the efforts of the Toledo School of Translators) were nurtured by the academic freedom and iconoclastic environment uniquely cultivated at the University of Padua, made possible by Venetian rebellion against papal authority. At Padua, the work of Andreas Vesalius, Realdo Colombo, Hieronymus Fabricius ab Acquapendente, and William Harvey (1543-1628) methodically destroyed Galen\'s model, leading to the modern concept of a closed-ended circulation. Yet, due to political forces, Harvey was ridiculed, as was James Lind, who performed the first prospective controlled trial, involving citrus fruits for scurvy (1747); it took nearly 50 years for his work to be accepted. Even the work of William Withering (1785), the father of cardiovascular pharmacology, was tarnished by professional jealously and the marketing campaign of a pharmaceutical company. Today\'s cardiovascular investigators should understand that major advances are routinely derided by the medical establishment for political or personal reasons; and it may take decades or centuries for important work to be accepted.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    暂无摘要。
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    植物提取物(BE;Apex,阿迪苏,北美)已经证明了增强的STI和改善的肠道健康,而直接饲喂微生物(DFM),如嗜酸乳杆菌发酵产品(EX:Excell,起搏器技术,Inc.),已经证明了生长中的荷斯坦牛的肠道健康和生长性能的改善。假设这种组合可能对新生儿小牛生长性能和肠道健康具有协同作用。八十,2-5d的荷斯坦公牛被BW阻断,并使用随机完整的区组设计随机分配给2×4阶乘排列的8种治疗方法之一。主要因素是没有(对照)的牛奶替代品(MR)和以5g/d的速度添加EX和小牛发酵剂(CS)。CS不含添加剂(对照);CS含496mg/kg的BE;CS含2.50g/kg的EX;和CS含BE和EX的含量相同。在0630和1800h时将MR连同自由选择CS(称重d的量和orts)和水一起进料2x/d。56天实验在第42天之后发生断奶。未检测到BW的CS主效应相互作用的MR,ADG,CS进气,总MDI,进给效率或车身框架增益参数。BW增益(控制和EX为38.0和39.3kg,分别)对于两种MR喂养的小牛的MR主要效果相似,而CS主要效应(对照组为38.7、39.7、39.2和37.2kg,BE,EX,和BE&EX,分别)在所有CS中相似。身体长度的增益(10.6和10.8厘米),臀部宽度(4.5和4.5厘米),枯萎的高度,(10.5和10.6厘米)的心围(18.6和19.9厘米)和体长(9.1和7.9厘米)相似,而CS主要影响臀高(10.5、10.2、10.3和10.9cm),臀部宽度(4.7、4.6、4.4和4.3厘米)枯萎高度(10.7、10.9、10.3和10.6厘米),心围(19.9,18.9,18.9和19.4厘米),体长(11.7、9.1、8.3和8.4cm)相似。饲喂对照MR和BECS的小牛的粪便评分=0的总天数比饲喂ContolMR的小牛和BE&EX与饲喂其余治疗的小牛的组合更长。与饲喂对照的小牛相比,这项研究表明,单独或联合饲喂BE或EX时,小牛的生长性能和健康益处很小。
    Botanical extracts (BE; Apex, Adisseo, North America) have demonstrated enhanced DMI and improved gut health, while direct fed microbials (DFM), such as Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation product (EX: Excell, Pacer Technology, Inc.), has demonstrated improved gut health and growth performance of growing Holstein calves. The hypothesis was this combination may be synergistic to neonatal calf growth performance and intestinal health. Eighty, 2-5-d old Holstein bull calves were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to one of 8 treatments arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial using a randomized complete block design. The main factors were milk replacer (MR) without (Control) and with EX added at 5 g/d fed and calf starter (CS). The CS containing no additives (Control); CS containing BE at 496 mg/kg; CS containing EX at 2.50 g/kg; and CS containing BE and EX at the same inclusion rates. The MR were fed 2x/d at 0630 and 1800 h along with free choice CS (amounts and orts weighed d) and water. Weaning occurred after d 42 for the 56-d experiment. No MR by CS main effects interactions were detected for BW, ADG, CS intake, total DMI, feed efficiency or body frame gain parameters. The BW gain (38.0 and 39.3 kg for control and EX, respectively) for MR main effect was similar for calves fed both MR, while CS main effects (38.7, 39.7, 39.2, and 37.2 kg for control, BE, EX, and BE&EX, respectively) was similar among all CS. Gains in body length (10.6 and 10.8 cm), hip width (4.5 and 4.5 cm), withers height, (10.5 and 10.6 cm) heart girth (18.6 and 19.9 cm) and body length (9.1 and 7.9 cm) were similar for calves fed both MR, while CS main effects for hip height (10.5, 10.2, 10.3, and 10.9 cm), hip width (4.7, 4.6, 4.4, and 4.3 cm) withers height (10.7, 10.9, 10.3 and 10.6 cm), heart girth (19.9, 18.9, 18.9, and 19.4 cm), and body length (11.7, 9.1, 8.3, and 8.4 cm) were similar. Total days of a fecal score = 0 was greater for calves fed Control MR and BE CS compared with calves fed Contol MR and the combination of BE&EX with calves fed the remaining treatments being intermediated and similar. This study demonstrated little calf growth performance and health benefits when feeding a BE or EX alone or in combination compared with calves fed control.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    我们的目的是确定各种可用的口服,topic,以及雄激素性脱发患者脱发的程序性治疗选择。使用系统审查和荟萃分析指南的首选报告项目,对国家医学图书馆进行了系统评价.总的来说,141项独特研究符合我们的纳入标准。我们证明了许多非处方药(例如局部米诺地尔,补充剂,低水平光处理),处方(例如口服米诺地尔,非那雄胺,dutasteride),和程序(例如富血小板血浆,分馏激光器,毛发移植)治疗成功促进毛发生长,强调多方面和个性化管理方法的优越性。
    We aimed to determine the efficacy of the various available oral, topical, and procedural treatment options for hair loss in individuals with androgenic alopecia. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a systematic review of the National Library of Medicine was performed. Overall, 141 unique studies met our inclusion criteria. We demonstrate that many over the counter (e.g. topical minoxidil, supplements, low-level light treatment), prescription (e.g. oral minoxidil, finasteride, dutasteride), and procedural (e.g. platelet-rich plasma, fractionated lasers, hair transplantation) treatments successfully promote hair growth, highlighting the superiority of a multifaceted and individualized approach to management.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    灰葡萄孢是一种破坏性的坏死性植物病原体,在1400多种植物中引起压倒性的疾病,尤其是水果作物,在全球范围内造成重大经济损失。病原体在收获前和采后阶段都会导致果实腐烂。除了导致成熟水果的灰霉病,真菌感染叶子,鲜花,和种子,这使它成为臭名昭著的植物病原体。全球,在大多数水果作物中,B.灰霉病会导致灰霉病。为了有效控制这种病原体,由于其广泛的宿主范围和造成的巨大经济损失,已经进行了广泛的研究。探索灰霉病的检测和诊断技术有利于为缓解策略提供基础。已使用包括DNA标记在内的各种检测技术在感染前和感染后水平对水果/植物样品中的灰葡萄孢进行了鉴定和定量。挥发性有机化合物,qPCR,芯片数字PCR,和基于PCR的核酸传感器。此外,文化,物理,化学,生物,和植物学方法都被用来防治葡萄孢菌果腐病。这篇综述讨论了在估计经济损失方面取得的研究进展,检测和诊断,以及管理策略,包括文化,物理,化学,以及关于灰霉病菌的生物学研究,以及知识差距和未来研究的潜在领域。
    Botrytis cinerea is a destructive necrotrophic phytopathogen causing overwhelming diseases in more than 1400 plant species, especially fruit crops, resulting in significant economic losses worldwide. The pathogen causes rotting of fruits at both pre-harvest and postharvest stages. Aside from causing gray mold of the mature fruits, the fungus infects leaves, flowers, and seeds, which makes it a notorious phytopathogen. Worldwide, in the majority of fruit crops, B. cinerea causes gray mold. In order to effectively control this pathogen, extensive research has been conducted due to its wide host range and the huge economic losses it causes. It is advantageous to explore detection and diagnosis techniques of B. cinerea to provide the fundamental basis for mitigation strategies. Botrytis cinerea has been identified and quantified in fruit/plant samples at pre- and post-infection levels using various detection techniques including DNA markers, volatile organic compounds, qPCR, chip-digital PCR, and PCR-based nucleic acid sensors. In addition, cultural, physical, chemical, biological, and botanical methods have all been used to combat Botrytis fruit rot. This review discusses research progress made on estimating economic losses, detection and diagnosis, as well as management strategies, including cultural, physical, chemical, and biological studies on B. cinerea along with knowledge gaps and potential areas for future research.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    鉴于植物制剂不断替代合成饲料添加剂,尤其是调味化合物的趋势,讨论了植物和植物源性制剂和饲料中成分的安全性评估的不同方面。这包括由欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)开发的关于目标动物和消费者通过从饲料中结转而无意暴露于动物衍生食品的植物毒素的风险评估方法。概述了欧盟饲料添加剂和饲料污染物的相关监管框架,并概述了植物药及其制剂和饲料成分安全性评估中使用的现有指南的要点。所提供的例子说明了植物药的安全性,评估其制剂和存在于饲料中的成分。通过应用新的体外和计算机模拟方法,对风险评估的未来发展进行了展望。
    In view of a continuous trend in replacing synthetic feed additives and especially flavouring compounds by botanical preparations, different aspects of the safety evaluations of plants and plant-derived preparations and components in feed are discussed. This includes risk assessment approaches developed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for phytotoxins regarding unintentional exposure of target animals and of consumers to animal derived food via carry-over from feed. Relevant regulatory frameworks for feed additives and feed contaminants in the European Union are summarised and the essentials of existing guidelines used in the safety evaluation of botanicals and their preparations and components in feed are outlined. The examples presented illustrate how the safety of the botanicals, their preparations and components present in feed is assessed. An outlook on possible future developments in risk assessment by applying new in vitro and in silico methodologies is given.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    秋季粘虫,Spodopterafrugiperda(FAW)是一种世界性作物害虫,最近在撒哈拉以南非洲和东南亚建立。目前,一汽的控制几乎完全依赖于合成农药。生物农药提供了更可持续的替代品,但有局限性。例如,除虫菊是一种有效的植物源杀虫剂,具有低哺乳动物毒性,但对紫外线高度不稳定,导致该领域的功效迅速丧失。球孢白僵菌是一种昆虫病原真菌,更持久,但是在导致昆虫死亡并导致有效控制之前,有几天的时间滞后。这些生物农药的组合可以减轻它们对一汽控制的缺点。在这里,我们评估了除虫菊和球孢芽孢杆菌作为单独治疗和联合治疗对三龄FAW的疗效。测试了这两种生物杀虫剂的四种不同组合,在最低浓度的玄武岩和除虫菊(1×104分生孢子mL-1,25ppm)下产生拮抗关系,并对其他3种联合处理(1×104分生孢子mL-1,100ppm和1×105分生孢子mL-1,25ppm和100ppm除虫菊)产生累加效应。此外,当与除虫菊组合时,观察到来自球孢芽孢杆菌的效力延迟以及琼脂平板上的生长的一般抑制。这些结果似乎表明,生物农药的这种特定组合对于害虫控制策略不是普遍有益或有害的,并且取决于所施用的每种生物农药的剂量。然而,此处在特定浓度下显示的加性效应确实表明,结合生物农药可以帮助克服植物源农药中的持久性和EPF缓慢建立的挑战,具有提高生物杀虫剂对IPM的有效性的潜力。
    Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (FAW) is a cosmopolitan crop pest species that has recently become established in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Current FAW control is almost entirely dependent on synthetic pesticides. Biopesticides offer a more sustainable alternative but have limitations. For example, pyrethrum is an effective botanical insecticide with low mammalian toxicity but is highly UV labile, resulting in a rapid loss of efficacy in the field. Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus that is more persistent, but there is a time lag of several days before it causes insect mortality and leads to effective control. The combination of these biopesticides could mitigate their drawbacks for FAW control. Here we evaluated the efficacy of pyrethrum and B. bassiana as individual treatments and in combination against 3rd instar FAW. Four different combinations of these two biopesticides were tested, resulting in an antagonistic relationship at the lowest concentrations of B. bassiana and pyrethrum (1 × 104 conidia mL-1 with 25 ppm) and an additive effect for the other 3 combined treatments (1 × 104 conidia mL-1 with 100 ppm and 1 × 105 conidia mL-1 with 25 ppm and 100 ppm pyrethrum). Additionally, a delay in efficacy from B. bassiana was observed when combined with pyrethrum as well as a general inhibition of growth on agar plates. These results appear to show that this particular combination of biopesticides is not universally beneficial or detrimental to pest control strategies and is dependent on the doses of each biopesticide applied. However, the additive effect shown here at specific concentrations does indicate that combining biopesticides could help overcome the challenges of persistence seen in botanical pesticides and the slow establishment of EPF, with the potential to improve effectiveness of biopesticides for IPM.
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