抗菌肽(AMP),作为由各种生物体合成的免疫效应,不仅构成了对宿主中广谱病原体的强大防御机制,而且作为有效的抗微生物剂也显示出有希望的应用。值得注意的是,昆虫是天然AMP的重要蓄水池。然而,类型变化的复杂数组,数量,抗菌活性,以及AMP的生产途径,以及跨昆虫物种的AMP进化,对免疫系统理解和AMP应用提出了重大挑战。这篇综述涵盖了昆虫AMP的发现,分类,常见属性,和行动机制。此外,类型,数量,并总结了各模型昆虫免疫相关AMP的活性。我们对多样性进行了第一次全面调查,分布,和模型昆虫中20种类型的AMP的进化,采用系统发育分析来描述它们的进化关系,并阐明保守和独特的AMP家族。此外,我们总结了通过经典信号通路和与一氧化氮相关的其他通路产生AMP的调节通路,胰岛素样信号,和荷尔蒙。这篇综述增进了我们对AMP作为昆虫免疫系统监护人的理解,并为昆虫AMP资源打开了大门,促进使用AMP来解决食品安全问题。
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), as immune effectors synthesized by a variety of organisms, not only constitute a robust defense mechanism against a broad spectrum of pathogens in the host but also show promising applications as effective antimicrobial agents. Notably, insects are significant reservoirs of natural AMPs. However, the complex array of variations in types, quantities, antimicrobial activities, and production pathways of AMPs, as well as evolution of AMPs across insect species, presents a significant challenge for immunity system understanding and AMP applications. This
review covers insect AMP discoveries, classification, common properties, and mechanisms of action. Additionally, the types, quantities, and activities of immune-related AMPs in each model insect are also summarized. We conducted the first comprehensive investigation into the diversity, distribution, and evolution of 20 types of AMPs in model insects, employing phylogenetic analysis to describe their evolutionary relationships and shed light on conserved and distinctive AMP families. Furthermore, we summarize the regulatory pathways of AMP production through classical signaling pathways and additional pathways associated with Nitric Oxide, insulin-like signaling, and hormones. This
review advances our understanding of AMPs as guardians in insect immunity systems and unlocks a gateway to insect AMP resources, facilitating the use of AMPs to address food safety concerns.