Cryogenic temperatures are crucial for the operation of semiconductor quantum electronic devices, yet the heating effects induced by microwave or laser signals used for quantum state manipulation can lead to significant temperature variations at the nanoscale. Therefore, probing the temperature of individual devices in working conditions and understanding the thermodynamics are paramount for designing and operating large-scale quantum computing systems. In this study, we demonstrate high-sensitivity fast thermometry in a silicon nanotransistor at cryogenic temperatures using RF reflectometry. Through this method, we explore the thermodynamic processes of the nanotransistor during and after a laser pulse and determine the dominant heat dissipation channels in the few-kelvin temperature range. These insights are important to understand thermal budgets in quantum circuits, with our techniques being compatible with microwave and laser radiation, offering a versatile approach for studying other quantum electronic devices in working conditions.

The ESHO protocol 1-85 is a multicenter randomized trial initiated by the European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology with the aim to investigate the value of hyperthermia (HT) as an adjuvant to radiotherapy (RT) in treatment of locally advanced breast carcinoma. The trial is one of the largest studies of hyperthermia in radiotherapy but has not been previously published.
Between February 1987 and November 1993, 155 tumors in 151 patients were included. Tumors were stratified according to institution and size (T2-3/T4) and randomly assigned to receive radiotherapy alone (2 Gy/fx, 5 fx/wk) to a total dose of 65-70 Gy, incl. boost, or the same radiotherapy followed once weekly by hyperthermia (aimed for 43 °C for 60 min). Radiation was given with high voltage photons or electrons. The primary endpoint was persistent complete response (local control) in the treated area.
A total of 146 tumors in 142 patients were evaluable, with a median observation time of 19 (range 1-134) months. Seventy tumors were randomized to RT alone and 76 to RT + HT. Size was T4 in 92, and T2-3 in 54 tumors, respectively. The compliance to RT was good with all but 4 patients fulfilling the planned RT treatment. The tolerance to HT was fair, but associated with moderate to severe pain and discomfort in 15 % of the treatments. In 84 % of the heated patients a least one heat treatment achieved the target temperature, but the temperature variation was large. Addition of heat did not significantly increase the acute nor late radiation reactions. Overall, the 5-year actuarial local failure rate was 57 %. Univariate analysis showed a significant influence of hyperthermia (RT alone 68 % versus RT + HT 50 %, p = 0.04, and T-size (T4 75 % versus T2-3 36 %, p < 0.01). A Cox multivariate analysis showed the same factors to be the only significant prognostic parameters: hyperthermia (HR: 0.61 [0.38-0.98], and small tumor strata (HR: 0.46 [0.26-0.92]. Consequentially, more patients given RT + HT (36 %) survived without disease (DFS), than after RT alone (19 %), p = 0.021) CONCLUSION: A randomized multicenter trial investigating the addition of a weekly hyperthermia treatment to radiotherapy of patients with locally advanced breast cancer significantly enhanced the 5-year tumor control and yielded more patients surviving free from cancer. The results substantiate the potential clinical benefit of hyperthermic oncology.

UNASSIGNED: We searched for the most-suitable thermometry method in the low-resource, tropical setting of Sierra Leone, both in terms of accuracy and also patient and user acceptance.
UNASSIGNED: We conducted a prospective comparative study of different methods of body temperature measurement. Each participant had their temperature taken by four different methods: non-contact infrared temperature (NCIT), axillary, tympanic membrane and rectal measurements. Rectal temperature was considered clinical gold standard. Primary outcome was predicted sensitivity and specificity of thermometry methods in detecting fever (rectal temperature ≥38.0 °C). Questionnaires were used to explore patient and healthcare worker attitudes towards different methods of temperature-taking.
UNASSIGNED: 824 rectal body temperature readings were taken from 562 participants. The mean rectal temperature was 37.4 °C (IQR 37 °C to 37.7 °C), with a minimum reading of 35.2 °C and maximum of 41.0 °C. Tympanic membrane thermometry showed the highest sensitivity of fever detection using the Genius3 TM thermometer (sensitivity 70.8 %, 95 % CI 60.2%-79.9 %; specificity 97.2 %, 95 % CI 95.5-98.4 %); and Braun TM (sensitivity 51.5 %, 95 % CI 42.6%-62.0 %; specificity 98.8 %, 95 % CI 97.7-99.5). NCIT thermometry sensitivity was low (36.8 %-41.4 % for the two devices used). Axillary thermometry sensitivity was 40.6 %. Participants ranked NCIT as the most and rectal as the least preferred method. Questionnaires from 32 participating nurses showed agreeability to using NCIT, TM and axillary methods routinely, but less so for rectal thermometry.
UNASSIGNED: When combining the accuracy of different thermometry methods in detecting fever with user and patient acceptability, tympanic membrane thermometry appears most suitable but also has limitations.

In this, the second of four historical reviews on human thermoregulation during exercise, we examine the research techniques developed by our forebears. We emphasise calorimetry and thermometry, and measurements of vasomotor and sudomotor function. Since its first human use (1899), direct calorimetry has provided the foundation for modern respirometric methods for quantifying metabolic rate, and remains the most precise index of whole-body heat exchange and storage. Its alternative, biophysical modelling, relies upon many, often dubious assumptions. Thermometry, used for >300 y to assess deep-body temperatures, provides only an instantaneous snapshot of the thermal status of tissues in contact with any thermometer. Seemingly unbeknownst to some, thermal time delays at some surrogate sites preclude valid measurements during non-steady state conditions. To assess cutaneous blood flow, immersion plethysmography was introduced (1875), followed by strain-gauge plethysmography (1949) and then laser-Doppler velocimetry (1964). Those techniques allow only local flow measurements, which may not reflect whole-body blood flows. Sudomotor function has been estimated from body-mass losses since the 1600s, but using mass losses to assess evaporation rates requires precise measures of non-evaporated sweat, which are rarely obtained. Hygrometric methods provide data for local sweat rates, but not local evaporation rates, and most local sweat rates cannot be extrapolated to reflect whole-body sweating. The objective of these methodological overviews and critiques is to provide a deeper understanding of how modern measurement techniques were developed, their underlying assumptions, and the strengths and weaknesses of the measurements used for humans exercising and working in thermally challenging conditions.

OBJECTIVE: To share our experience using transurethral ultrasound ablation (TULSA) treatment for focal therapy of localized prostate cancer (PCa).
METHODS: Between 10/2019 and 06/2021 TULSA treatment for localized PCa was performed in 22 men (mean age: 67 ± 7 years, mean initial PSA: 6.8 ± 2.1 ng/ml, ISUP 1 in n = 6, ISUP 2 in n = 14 and 2 patients with recurrence after previous radiotherapy). Patients were selected by an interdisciplinary team, taking clinical parameters, histopathology from targeted or systematic biopsies, mpMRI and patients preferences into consideration. Patients were thoroughly informed about alternative treatment options and that TULSA is an individual treatment approach. High-intensity ultrasound was applied using an ablation device placed in the prostatic urethra. Heat-development within the prostatic tissue was monitored using MR-thermometry. Challenges during the ablation procedure and follow-up of oncologic and functional outcome of at least 12 months after TULSA treatment were documented.
RESULTS: No major adverse events were documented. In the 12 month follow-up period, no significant changes of urinary continence, irritative/obstructive voiding symptoms, bowel irritation or hormonal symptoms were reported according to the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) score. Erectile function was significantly impaired 3-6 months (p < 0.01) and 9-12 months (p < 0.05) after TULSA. PSA values significantly decreased after therapy (2.1 ± 1.8 vs. 6.8 ± 2.1 ng/ml, p < 0.001). PCa recurrence rate was 23% (5/22 patients).
CONCLUSIONS: Establishment of TULSA in clinical routine was unproblematic, short-term outcome seems to be encouraging. The risk of erectile function impairment requires elaborate information of the patient.

In presence of respiratory motion, temperature mapping is altered by in-plane and through-plane displacements between successive acquisitions together with periodic phase variations. Fast 2D Echo Planar Imaging (EPI) sequence can accommodate intra-scan motion, but limited volume coverage and inter-scan motion remain a challenge during free-breathing acquisition since position offsets can arise between the different slices.
To address this limitation, we evaluated a 2D simultaneous multi-slice EPI sequence with multiband (MB) acceleration during radiofrequency ablation on a mobile gel and in the liver of a volunteer (no heating). The sequence was evaluated in terms of resulting inter-scan motion, temperature uncertainty and elevation, potential false-positive heating and repeatability. Lastly, to account for potential through-plane motion, a 3D motion compensation pipeline was implemented and evaluated.
In-plane motion was compensated whatever the MB factor and temperature distribution was found in agreement during both the heating and cooling periods. No obvious false-positive temperature was observed under the conditions being investigated. Repeatability of measurements results in a 95% uncertainty below 2 °C for MB1 and MB2. Uncertainty up to 4.5 °C was reported with MB3 together with the presence of aliasing artifacts. Lastly, fast simultaneous multi-slice EPI combined with 3D motion compensation reduce residual out-of-plane motion.
Volumetric temperature imaging (12 slices/700 ms) could be performed with 2 °C accuracy or less, and offer tradeoffs in acquisition time or volume coverage. Such a strategy is expected to increase procedure safety by monitoring large volumes more rapidly for MR-guided thermotherapy on mobile organs.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the daily fluctuations in brain temperature in healthy individuals using magnetic resonance (MR) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) thermometry and to clarify the associations between the brain and body temperatures and sex.
METHODS: Thirty-two age-matched healthy male and female volunteers (male = 16, 20-38 years) were recruited between July 2021 and January 2022. Brain MR examinations were performed in the morning and evening phases on the same day to calculate the brain temperatures using DWI thermometry. Body temperature was also measured in each MR examination. Group comparisons of body and brain temperatures between the two phases were performed using paired t-tests. A multiple linear regression model was used to predict the morning brain temperature using sex, evening brain temperature, and the interaction between sex and evening brain temperature as covariates.
RESULTS: Body temperatures were significantly higher in the evening than in the morning in all participants, male group, and female group (p < 0.001, = 0001, and < 0.001, respectively). Meanwhile, no significant difference was observed between the morning and evening brain temperatures in each analysis (p = 0.23, 0.70, and 0.16, respectively). Multiple linear regression analysis showed significant associations of morning brain temperature with sex (p = 0.038), evening brain temperature (p < 0.001), and the interaction between sex and evening brain temperature (p = 0.036).
CONCLUSIONS: Unlike body temperature, brain temperature showed no significant daily fluctuations; however, daily fluctuations in brain temperature may vary depending on sex.

Cancer is a disease which requires a significant amount of careful medical attention. For minimally-invasive thermal ablation procedures, the monitoring of heat distribution is one of the biggest challenges. In this work, three approaches for volumetric heat map reconstruction (Delauney triangulation, minimum volume enclosing ellipsoids (MVEE) and splines) are presented based on uniformly distributed 2D MRI phase images rotated around the applicator\'s main axis. We compare them with our previous temperature interpolation method with respect to accuracy, robustness and adaptability. All approaches are evaluated during MWA treatment on the same data sets consisting of 13 ex vivo bio protein phantoms, including six phantoms with simulated heat sink effects. Regarding accuracy, the DSC similarity results show a strong trend towards the MVEE ([Formula: see text]) and the splines ([Formula: see text]) method compared to the Delauney triangulation ([Formula: see text]) or the temperature interpolation ([Formula: see text]). Robustness is increased for all three approaches and the adaptability shows a significant trend towards the initial interpolation method and the splines. To overcome local inhomogeneities in the acquired data, the use of adaptive simulations should be considered in the future. In addition, the transfer to in vivo animal experiments should be considered to test for clinical applicability.

Ciomadul is a long-dormant volcanic area in the Eastern Carpathians of Romania. The study site, the Stinky Cave, and the surrounding areas are well-known for CO2, and H2S seeps. The gases from these seeps come with high flux and are of magmatic origin, associated with the volcanic activity of Ciomadul. In this study, an Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle coupled with a thermal infrared sensor is used to identify new seeps. In order to achieve this, we carried out several field campaigns, coupling image acquisition with the creation of digital outcrop models and orthomosaics. The study was carried out at low ambient temperatures to identify strong thermal anomalies from the gasses. Using this qualitative study method, we identified several new seeps. The total emission of the greenhouse gas CO2 in the Ciomadul area and other similar sites is highly underestimated. The practical application of this method will serve as a guide for a future regional rollout of the thermal infrared mapping and identification of CO2 seeps in the area.

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI)-based thermometry offers potential as a noninvasive method for measuring temperatures deep inside the human brain. However, DWI might be influenced by the pulsatile flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This study aimed to investigate the influence of such pulsations on DWI thermometry in healthy individuals. A total of 104 participants (50 men, 54 women; mean [± standard deviation] age, 44.2 ± 14.3 years; range 21-69 years) were investigated. DWI-based brain temperature (TDWI ) was acquired at three speeds (maximum and minimum speeds of ascending flow and random timing at the cerebral aqueduct) of CSF pulsation using a 3-T magnetic resonance imaging scanner. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)-based temperature (TMRS ) at the thalamus was also obtained as a reference standard for brain temperature. The three different CSF pulsatile flows were monitored by heart rate during the scan. The difference between reference temperature and brain temperature (ΔT = TDWI - TMRS ) along with the three CSF speeds were statistically compared using Student\'s matched pair t-test. No significant difference in ΔT was evident among CSF speeds (p > 0.05). No significant linear correlation between ΔT and CSF flow speed at the cerebral aqueduct was observed. Using DWI thermometry with clinical acquisition settings, which utilizes mean values within thresholds, no effect of CSF pulsation speed was observed in the estimation of ΔT.