Interest in transcranial MR imaging-guided focused ultrasound procedures has recently grown. These incisionless procedures enable precise focal ablation of brain tissue using real-time monitoring by MR thermometry. This article will provide an updated review on clinically applicable technical underpinnings and considerations of proton resonance frequency MR thermometry, the most common clinically used MR thermometry sequence.

Luminescence thermometry has emerged as a very versatile optical technique for remote temperature measurements, exhibiting a wide range of applicability spanning from cryogenic temperatures to 2000 K. This technology has found extensive utilization across many disciplines. In the last thirty years, there has been significant growth in the field of luminous thermometry. This growth has been accompanied by the development of temperature read-out procedures, the creation of luminescent materials for very sensitive temperature probes, and advancements in theoretical understanding. This review article primarily centers on luminescent nanoparticles employed in the field of luminescence thermometry. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of the recent literature pertaining to the utilization of lanthanide and transition metal nanophosphors, semiconductor quantum dots, polymer nanoparticles, carbon dots, and nanodiamonds for luminescence thermometry. In addition, we engage in a discussion regarding the benefits and limitations of nanoparticles in comparison with conventional, microsized probes for their application in luminescent thermometry.

Neurosurgical ablative procedures for pain have dramatically transformed over the years. Compared to their precursors, present day techniques are less invasive and more precise as a result of advances in both device engineering and imaging technology. From a clinical perspective, understanding the strengths and drawbacks of modern techniques is necessary to optimize patient outcomes. In this review, we provide an overview of the major contemporary neuroablative modalities/technologies used for treating pain. We will compare and contrast these modalities from one another with respect to their intraoperative monitoring needs, invasiveness, range of access, and lesion generation. Finally, we will provide a brief commentary on the future of neuroablation given the advent of neuromodulation options for pain control.

Thermometry techniques have been widely developed during the last decades to analyze thermal properties of various fluid flows. Following the increasing interest for microfluidic applications, most of these techniques have been adapted to the microscale and some new experimental approaches have emerged. In the last years, the need for a detailed experimental analysis of gaseous microflows has drastically grown due to a variety of exciting new applications. Unfortunately, thermometry is not yet well developed for analyzing gas flows at the microscale. Thus, the present review aims at analyzing the main currently available thermometry techniques adapted to microflows. Following a rapid presentation and classification of these techniques, the review is focused on optical techniques, which are the most suited for application at microscale. Their presentation is followed by a discussion about their applicability to gas microflows, especially in confined conditions, and the current challenges to be overcome are presented. A special place is dedicated to Raman and molecular tagging thermometry techniques due to their high potential and low intrusiveness.

In the new age of illumination, light emitting diodes (LEDs) have been proven to be the most efficient alternative to conventional light sources. Yet, in comparison to other lighting systems, LEDs operate at low temperatures while junction temperature (Tj) is is among the main factors dictating their lifespan, reliability, and performance. This indicates that accurate measurement of LED temperature is of great importance to better understand the thermal effects over a system and improve performance. Over the years, various Tj measurement techniques have been developed, and existing methods have been improved in many ways with technological and scientific advancements. Correspondingly, in order to address the governing phenomena, benefits, drawbacks, possibilities, and applications, a wide range of measurement techniques and systems are covered. This paper comprises a large number of published studies on junction temperature measurement approaches for LEDs, and a summary of the experimental parameters employed in the literature are given as a reference. In addition, some of the corrections noted in non-ideal thermal calibration processes are discussed and presented. Finally, a comparison between methods will provide the readers a better insight into the topic and direction for future research.

The challenge to explain the diffuse and unconclusive message reported by hyperthermia studies investigating the thermal dose parameter is still to be unravelled. In the present review, we investigated a wide range of technical and clinical parameters characterising hyperthermia treatment to better understand and improve the probability of detecting a thermal dose effect relationship in clinical studies. We performed a systematic literature review to obtain hyperthermia clinical studies investigating the associations of temperature and thermal dose parameters with treatment outcome or acute toxicity. Different hyperthermia characteristics were retrieved, and their influence on temperature and thermal dose parameters was assessed. In the literature, we found forty-eight articles investigating thermal dose effect relationships. These comprised a total of 4107 patients with different tumour pathologies. The association between thermal dose and treatment outcome was the investigated endpoint in 90% of the articles, while the correlation between thermal dose and toxicity was investigated in 50% of the articles. Significant associations between temperature-related parameters and treatment outcome were reported in 63% of the studies, while those between temperature-related parameters and toxicity were reported in 15% of the studies. One clear difficulty for advancement is that studies often omitted fundamental information regarding the clinical treatment, and among the different characteristics investigated, thermometry details were seldom and divergently reported. To overcome this, we propose a clear definition of the terms and characteristics that should be reported in clinical hyperthermia treatments. A consistent report of data will allow their use to further continue the quest for thermal dose effect relationships.

Percutaneous thermal therapy is an important clinical treatment method for some solid tumors. It is critical to use effective image visualization techniques to monitor the therapy process in real time because precise control of the therapeutic zone directly affects the prognosis of tumor treatment. Ultrasound is used in thermal therapy monitoring because of its real-time, non-invasive, non-ionizing radiation, and low-cost characteristics. This paper presents a review of nine quantitative ultrasound-based methods for thermal therapy monitoring and their advances over the last decade since 2011. These methods were analyzed and compared with respect to two applications: ultrasonic thermometry and ablation zone identification. The advantages and limitations of these methods were compared and discussed, and future developments were suggested.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the effect of cutaneous foot thermometry in people with Diabetes Mellitus, compared with the standard prevention of foot ulcers adopted in these patients.
METHODS: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Protocol registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020202686). The recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) were followed. The search was performed in the following data sources: SCOPUS, Web of Science, MEDLINE via PubMed, MEDLINE via EBSCO, MEDLINE via Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, LILACS via Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Google Scholar, Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações, Catálogo de Teses & Dissertações-Capes, Open Grey and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. The risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool (RoB 2), the meta-analysis was performed in the Review Manager 5.4 software and the Certainty of evidence in the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system.
RESULTS: of the 670 records, five articles were eligible. The meta-analysis was calculated for the prevention of the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers outcome, with effect summarization (RR 0.53; 95%CI 0.29-0.96; p=0.02), with certainty of moderate evidence.
CONCLUSIONS: thermometry showed a protective effect on the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers when compared to standard foot care.
OBJECTIVE: analisar o efeito da termometria podálica cutânea em pessoas com diabetes mellitus, comparado com prevenção padrão de úlceras podálicas adotada nesses pacientes.
UNASSIGNED: revisão sistemática com metanálise. Protocolo registrado na PROSPERO (CRD42020202686). Foram seguidas as recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Busca realizada nas fontes de dados: SCOPUS, Web of Science, MEDLINE via PubMed, MEDLINE via EBSCO, MEDLINE via Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, LILACS via Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Google Scholar, Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações, Catálogo de Teses & Dissertações-Capes, Open Grey e ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. O risco de viés foi avaliado pela Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool (RoB 2), a metanálise no software Review Manager 5.4 e a Certeza da evidência no sistema Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation.
RESULTS: dos 670 registros, cinco artigos eram elegíveis. A metanálise foi calculada para o desfecho prevenção da incidência de úlceras de pé diabético, com sumarização de efeito (RR 0,53; IC95% 0,29, 0,96; p=0,02), com certeza da evidência moderada.
UNASSIGNED: a termometria mostrou efeito protetor na incidência de úlceras de pé diabético, se comparada ao cuidado podálico padrão.
OBJECTIVE: analizar el efecto de la termometría cutánea del pie en personas con diabetes mellitus, en comparación con la prevención estándar de las úlceras del pie adoptada en estos pacientes.
UNASSIGNED: revisión sistemática con metaanálisis. Protocolo registrado en PROSPERO (CRD42020202686). Se siguieron las recomendaciones de Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). La búsqueda se realizó en las fuentes de datos: SCOPUS, Web of Science, MEDLINE a través de PubMed, MEDLINE a través de EBSCO, MEDLINE a través de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, LILACS a través de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, Google Scholar, Biblioteca Digital Brasileña de Tesis y Disertaciones, Catálogo de Tesis y Disertaciones-Capes, Open Grey y ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. El riesgo de sesgo se evaluó mediante la Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool (RoB 2), el metaanálisis se realizó con el software Review Manager 5.4 y la certeza de la evidencia se evaluó mediante el sistema Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation.
RESULTS: de los 670 registros, cinco artículos fueron elegibles. El metaanálisis se calculó para el resultado prevención de la incidencia de úlceras del pie diabético, con sumarización del efecto (RR 0,53; IC95% 0,29, 0,96; p=0,02), con certeza de evidencia moderada.
UNASSIGNED: la termometría mostró un efecto protector sobre la incidencia de úlceras del pie diabético en comparación con el cuidado estándar del pie.

BACKGROUND: Athletes with spinal cord injury (SCI) have difficulties in maintaining thermal homeostasis during exercise due to their lower sweat capacity and skin vasodilation. Skin temperature (Tsk) assessment, as opposed to core temperature, has become more widely accepted due to its non-invasive nature. The aims of this systematic review was to collate research studies that measured Tsk of individuals with SCI during or after exercise, study their Tsk response, taking into account the method employed, the environmental and exercise conditions, and to identify the different cooling strategies and their effect during exercise.
METHODS: Pubmed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched to identify the articles published since year 2000. Two reviewers working independently extracted data and assessed the quality of the articles included. If they disagreed, a third reviewer was consulted. ROBINS-I scale was used to assess the quality of the articles, and the review has been conducted in agreement with PRISMA guidelines.
RESULTS: Twenty studies were included in this review. 84% of them presented moderate, serious or critical risk of bias. The entire of the studies assessed Tsk during exercise, but only seven studies measured it during rest or after exercise. Eighteen studies used contact thermometry to assess Tsk and the two remaining studies employed non-contact techniques. Seven studies were conducted in warm conditions (>31.5°C) and the remaining studies in moderate conditions (10°C to 26.6°C). According to cooling strategies, ice vests and water spray are effective in reducing Tsk and decreasing the risk of heat stroke.
CONCLUSIONS: The 90% of the studies applied contact thermometry and due to their effect in the data assessed, it is necessary more research into the SCI population using infrared thermography due to its differences in characteristics, methodology, and applications. The methodological differences among studies make difficult to perform a meta-analysis.

Measurement of core body temperature-clinical thermometry-provides critical information to anaesthetists during perioperative care. The value of this information is determined by the accuracy of the measurement device used. This accuracy must be maintained despite external influences such as the operating room temperature and the patient\'s thermoregulatory defence. Presently, perioperative thermometers utilise invasive measurement sites. The public health challenge of the COVID-19 pandemic, however, has highlighted the use of non-invasive, non-contact infrared thermometers. The aim of this article is to review common existing thermometers used in perioperative care, their mechanisms of action, accuracy, and practicality in comparison to infrared non-contact thermometry used for population screening during a pandemic. Evidence currently shows that contact thermometry varies in accuracy and practicality depending on the site of measurements and the method of sterilisation or disposal between uses. Despite the benefits of being a non-invasive and non-contact device, infrared thermometry used for population temperature screening lacks the accuracy required in perioperative medicine. Inaccuracy may be a consequence of uncontrolled external temperatures, the patient\'s actions prior to measurement, distance between the patient and the thermometer, and the different sites of measurement. A re-evaluation of non-contact thermometry is recommended, requiring new studies in more controlled environments.