Neurodevelopmental disorders are traditionally characterised by a range of associated cognitive impairments in, for example, sensory processing, facial recognition, visual imagery, attention, and coordination. In this critical review, we propose a major reframing, highlighting the variety of unique cognitive strengths that people with neurodevelopmental differences can exhibit. These include enhanced visual perception, strong spatial, auditory, and semantic memory, superior empathy and theory of mind, along with higher levels of divergent thinking. Whilst we acknowledge the heterogeneity of cognitive profiles in neurodevelopmental conditions, we present a more encouraging and affirmative perspective of these groups, contrasting with the predominant, deficit-based position prevalent throughout both cognitive and neuropsychological research. In addition, we provide a theoretical basis and rationale for these cognitive strengths, arguing for the critical role of hereditability, behavioural adaptation, neuronal-recycling, and we draw on psychopharmacological and social explanations. We present a table of potential strengths across conditions and invite researchers to systematically investigate these in their future work. This should help reduce the stigma around neurodiversity, instead promoting greater social inclusion and significant societal benefits.

As a super-aging society, health promotion activities in local Japanese communities are increasingly essential. Developing the health-promotion programs must include the perspective of older people residing in these communities and what they believe to be their regional strengths. This study aimed to clarify the elements of regional strengths perceived by older people living in local Japanese communities from the literature review. Using the internet edition of the Japan Medical Abstracts Society (Ichu-shi), the authors examined papers on Japanese regional residents using relevant keywords. Of 342 considered papers, 14 papers were extracted in this study. As a result, the contents related to the regional strengths perceived by the older people living in the local Japanese community were extracted, classified based on the similarity of the meanings and contents, and then summarized into the elements of the strengths. As the regional strengths, three categories were cited for individual elements: \"Actions or behaviors underpinned by experience,\" \"Continuing to live with positivity and vigor,\" and \"Extensive support for the subject and their family.\" Three categories were cited for environmental elements: \"A comfortable environment,\" \"Maintaining intimate and friendly interpersonal relations,\" and \"Support that meets the regional characteristics.\" Along with individual and environmental elements, support from experts in the region was cited. Hence, it was concluded that the active participation of experts is essential for promoting activities in local communities, and that deepening relationship with older people has the potential to improve their quality of life.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an emerging global public health crisis. Surveillance is a fundamental component in the monitoring and evaluation of AMR mitigation endeavours. The primary aim of the scoping review is to identify successes, barriers, and gaps in implementing AMR surveillance systems and utilising data from them.
METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and EMBASE databases were searched systematically to identify literature pertaining to implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of AMR surveillance systems. A thematic analysis was conducted where themes within the literature were inductively grouped based on the described content.
RESULTS: The systematic search yielded 639 journal articles for screening. Following deduplication and screening, 46 articles were determined to be appropriate for inclusion. Generally, most studies focused on human AMR surveillance (n = 38, 82.6%). Regionally, there was equal focus on low- and middle-income countries (n = 7, 15.2%) and trans-national contexts (n = 7, 14.5%). All included articles (n = 46, 100.0%) discussed barriers to either implementing or utilising AMR surveillance systems. From the scoping review, 6 themes emerged: capacity for surveillance, data infrastructure, policy, representativeness, stakeholder engagement, and sustainability. Data infrastructure was most frequently discussed as problematic in evaluation of surveillance systems (n = 36, 75.0%). The most frequent success to surveillance system implementation was stakeholder engagement (n = 30, 65.2%).
CONCLUSIONS: Experiences of AMR surveillance systems are diverse across contexts. There is a distinct separation of experiences between systems with emerging surveillance systems and those with established systems. Surveillance systems require extensive refinement to become representative and meet surveillance objectives.

UNASSIGNED: Universal health coverage (UHC) aims to provide access to basic health services with no financial constraints. In Iran, the major challenges to the implementation of the UHC plan include aggregation and augmentation of resources, something which could threaten the dimension of population coverage and health service delivery. Therefore, this study reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the internal environment as well as the opportunities and threats of the external environment in the UHC plan to help policymakers and decision-makers of the health system.
UNASSIGNED: In this review study, reputable databases were searched for all the relevant papers on UHC to collect data. After that, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis was conducted to organize, collect, and analyze data. The SWOT analysis is a process that has 4 components and 2 dimensions. The 4 components are strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. In fact, strengths and weaknesses are considered internal factors and organizational features, whereas opportunities and threats are considered external factors and environmental features. The listed items were then categorized for clarification and transparency within the framework of the 6 building blocks of the World Health Organization (WHO).
UNASSIGNED: The relevant studies were reviewed to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of internal environments as well as the opportunities and threats of external environments. The necessary points for better planning and policymaking were then presented.
UNASSIGNED: The success of Iran\'s UHC plan can be guaranteed by regular capacity building, ongoing education, and empowerment of society in addition to improving intersectoral collaboration and acquiring political commitment to develop more effective and more accountable systems matching variable and dynamic health requirements.

Most people who experience trauma want to thrive and often find paths to well-being and healthy functioning. This scoping review explores the existing evidence on adversity and resilience in southeastern European countries, focusing on Kosovo. There is a lack of research on trauma and resilience in cultures outside the US and Western Europe. The paper provides a brief cultural and historical overview of this region and the collectivist cultures found there. We draw from a range of interdisciplinary literatures to identify key strengths that have the potential to improve health outcomes for trauma victims in this region. Overall, 42 papers from PsycInfo and PubMed were identified, using keywords such as \"resilience\" or \"health\" and \"Kosovo,\" \"Balkans,\" and \"Southeastern Europe.\" Findings from this scoping review show that different cultural values, norms, and societal ecologies impact resilience within these societies. Some strengths, such as social support and sense of purpose, echoed similar research in the US and Western Europe. There was also evidence that factors such as dignity, family solidarity, social activism, and nationwide meaning-making are strengths associated with resilience for these collectivist societies of southeastern Europe. We also consider the implications of the results for other post-conflict societies. Finally, findings from this review call for culturally sensitive strength-based perspectives in promoting health and well-being after the high dosages of trauma common in this region.

UNASSIGNED: Stillbirth rate has shown less or no improvement in developing countries. India was estimated to have the largest number of stillbirths globally in 2015. Systematic review of stillbirths is a strategy that helps in identifying gaps in the care of a pregnant mother, and is a useful and comprehensive indicator of the quality of maternity care.
UNASSIGNED: The objective of this study was to assess the quality of maternal care, and factors causing stillbirth, and to provide some doable plans to reduce its incidence in the Odisha state.
UNASSIGNED: The stillbirth review was undertaken over 4-month timeline (August to November 2014) in ten high-priority districts (HPDs) of Odisha. It included development of tools, desk reviews, training of staffs, and data handling. The deaths were estimated from Annual Health Survey. It was compared to the estimated stillbirth of each district to get the underreporting/overreporting districts. A report was generated on stillbirth process indicators, and program indicators after completion of assessment.
UNASSIGNED: In the selected HPDs of Odisha, 4689 stillbirths were observed during the study period. However, the labor room register stated the reason of death in only 408 cases (8.7%). Further, at the time of admission, a provisional diagnosis could be made for only 3038 (64.7%) cases, of which 11% diagnosed as safe delivery resulted in stillbirth.
UNASSIGNED: The present study could contribute to a larger extent to address some of the gaps in the stillbirth review process in Odisha.

Objective: There has been a steady rise in research characterizing executive functioning (EF) impairments in autistic individuals but limited research investigating EF strengths. This review provides a summary of current EF research in autistic adults with a focus on EF challenges and strengths and potential sources of heterogeneity in research findings. New avenues for addressing gaps in our understanding of EF strengths are proposed.Method: A review of the EF literature was conducted. One hundred twenty-four studies of inhibition, working memory, cognitive flexibility, fluency, planning, decision-making, and subjective measures of EF in autistic adults were included.Results: Autistic adults with average intellectual functioning demonstrate difficulties with cognitive flexibility, phonemic fluency, and working memory. Strengths in planning, decision-making, and semantic verbal fluency were evident in some but not all studies. Findings regarding inhibition are inconclusive. Key findings across each EF domain are discussed and sources of potential heterogeneity across studies were evaluated. The type of measure used appears to contribute to heterogeneous findings. Subjective EF measures revealed more consistent findings of deficits in autistic adults than objective EF measures.Conclusions: Research reveals areas of EF weaknesses as well as strengths in autistic adults. Unlike EF challenges, EF strengths are not well understood. Future research identifying EF strengths is needed to improve services and supports for autistic adults. Further investigation of potential factors that interact with or constrain EF such as comorbid disorders, verbal ability, sensory processing, and other factors specific to autism will be critical to move the field forward and increase understanding of how EF is related to everyday functioning in autistic adults.

BACKGROUND: Early warning scores are widely used to identify deteriorating patients. Whilst their ability to predict clinical outcomes has been extensively reviewed, there has been no attempt to summarise the overall strengths and limitations of these scores for patients, staff and systems. This review aims to address this gap in the literature to guide improvements for the optimization of patient safety.
METHODS: A systematic review was conducted of MEDLINE®, PubMed, CINAHL and The Cochrane Library in September 2016. The citations and reference lists of selected studies were reviewed for completeness. Studies were included if they evaluated vital signs monitoring in adult human subjects. Studies regarding the paediatric population were excluded, as were studies describing the development or validation of monitoring models. A narrative synthesis of qualitative, quantitative and mixed- methods studies was undertaken.
RESULTS: 232 studies met the inclusion criteria. Twelve themes were identified from synthesis of the data: Strengths of early warning scores included their prediction value, influence on clinical outcomes, cross-specialty application, international relevance, interaction with other variables, impact on communication and opportunity for automation. Limitations included their sensitivity, the need for practitioner engagement, the need for reaction to escalation and the need for clinical judgment, and the intermittent nature of recording. Early warning scores are known to have good predictive value for patient deterioration and have been shown to improve patient outcomes across a variety of specialties and international settings. This is partly due to their facilitation of communication between healthcare workers. There is evidence that the prediction value of generic early warning scores suffers in comparison to specialty-specific scores, and that their sensitivity can be improved by the addition of other variables. They are also prone to inaccurate recording and user error, which can be partly overcome by automation.
CONCLUSIONS: Early warning scores provide the right language and environment for the timely escalation of patient care. They are limited by their intermittent and user-dependent nature, which can be partially overcome by automation and new continuous monitoring technologies, although clinical judgment remains paramount.