Rabies virus

狂犬病病毒
  • 文章类型: Case Reports
    斑秃(AA)是一种自身免疫相关疾病,其特征是儿童无疤痕脱发。我们报告了一例儿童在第五剂狂犬病疫苗后感染AA的病例,并总结了疫苗接种诱导AA的各种潜在机制。这种情况表明狂犬病疫苗可能通过引起免疫失调而成为AA的易感性。
    Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune-related disorder characterized by non-scarring hair loss in children. We report the case of a child who had AA after the fifth dose of rabies vaccine and summarized various potential mechanisms of vaccination induced AA. This case indicates that rabies vaccine might be a predisposition of AA by causing immune dysregulation.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    2024年3月,人类首例狂犬病病例,在被狗咬伤之后,在东帝汶被发现。本文简要讨论了传输的情况,临床表现,对病例的姑息治疗和采取的公共卫生措施。东帝汶以前被认为没有狂犬病。任何人被可能传播狂犬病病毒的动物(尤其是狗)咬伤或抓伤,蝙蝠,应评估东帝汶的猴子或猫),以考虑提供狂犬病暴露后预防。
    In March 2024, the first ever human case of rabies, following a dog bite, was detected in Timor-Leste. This paper briefly discusses the circumstances of transmission, clinical presentation, palliative care of the case and public health measures taken. Timor-Leste was previously considered rabies-free. Any person who is bitten or scratched by an animal that could potentially transmit rabies virus (especially dogs, bats, monkeys or cats) in Timor-Leste should be assessed for consideration of provision of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis.
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  • 文章类型: Case Reports
    一个来自马哈拉施特拉邦的3.5岁男孩,印度,在一只流浪狗的右手遭受严重咬伤后约1个月,表现出脑膜脑炎的特征。他接受了四剂暴露后的皮内狂犬病疫苗接种(在咬伤的第0、3和7天,错误地在第20天,而不是更新的泰国红十字会方案中建议的第28天)以及局部和全身注射马狂犬病免疫球蛋白。在通过检测脑脊液中的狂犬病病毒中和抗体证实狂犬病脑炎之前,该儿童最初被诊断为急性脑炎综合征并接受治疗。在紧急时期,他还收到了抗疟药青蒿琥酯,最近报道对狂犬病病毒有抗病毒作用。在重症监护和支持性护理下,在接下来的几周里,这个孩子的临床症状有了很大的改善。他现在已经在疾病发作后存活了10个多月,尽管有严重的神经系统后遗症,包括弥漫性脑和小脑萎缩。
    A 3.5-year-old male child from Maharashtra, India, presented with features of meningoencephalitis approximately 1 month after sustaining severe bite injuries on the right hand from a stray dog. He had received four doses of post-exposure intradermal rabies vaccination (on days 0, 3, and 7 of the bite and erroneously on day 20, instead of day 28 as recommended in the updated Thai Red Cross regimen) as well as local and systemic injections of equine rabies immune globulin. The child was initially diagnosed with and treated for acute encephalitis syndrome before rabies encephalitis was confirmed by detection of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid. During the emergent period, he also received the antimalarial drug artesunate, recently reported to have antiviral effects against rabies virus. With intensive and supportive care, the child showed substantial clinical improvement over the next few weeks. He has now survived for more than 10 months after disease onset, albeit with severe neurological sequelae including diffuse cerebral and cerebellar atrophy.
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  • 文章类型: Case Reports
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    在印度,牛的狂犬病报告不足。宗教情绪阻碍了它的诊断,不鼓励验尸,尤其是打开头盖骨.受颅神经支配的外周组织标本有可能用作大脑的替代诊断标本。在这里,我们提出了一种新的方法来诊断怀疑患有狂犬病的母牛的狂犬病的案例研究,使用尸检后获得的鼻唇板皮肤组织标本。使用常规逆转录聚合酶链反应,脑和鼻唇组织标本对狂犬病呈阳性。这种方法先前已被证明在动物中具有高诊断灵敏度。我们鼓励对更多的鼻唇板皮肤标本进行进一步研究,以对牛的狂犬病进行死后和死前诊断。
    In India, rabies in cattle is under-reported. Religious sentiments hamper its diagnosis, discouraging post-mortem examination, particularly opening the cranium. Specimens of peripheral tissue innervated by the cranial nerves could potentially be used as alternative diagnostic specimens to the brain. Herein, we present a case study of a novel approach for diagnosing rabies in a cow suspected of having rabies, using skin tissue specimens of the nasolabial plate obtained post-mortem. Brain and nasolabial tissue specimens tested positive for rabies using conventional reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. This approach has been previously shown to have a high diagnostic sensitivity in animals. We encourage further studies with more nasolabial plate skin specimens for both post- and antemortem diagnosis of rabies in cattle.
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  • 文章类型: Case Reports
    狂犬病是一种动物源性传染病,死亡率高。在狂犬病的早期阶段,狂犬病病毒(RABV)通常在唾液和脑脊液(CSF)中检测不到。此外,仍然没有有效的药物和治疗方法。这里,我们提出了一个案例,其中血液净化缓解了多系统故障。患者是一名45岁的妇女,她对水和风感到恐惧,躁动,和多动症。通过高通量测序下一代测序(NGS)和聚合酶链反应(PCR)在她的唾液中检测到RABV。根据典型的临床症状以及NGS和PCR的结果,病人被诊断为狂犬病确诊病例。血液透析联合抗病毒治疗和重症监护病房(ICU)治疗可有效缓解循环衰竭,呼吸衰竭,和肾衰竭。最后,她在入院第34天死于脑死亡。病例报告显示血液净化对狂犬病引起的器官衰竭呈阳性。血液净化联合抗病毒治疗能在一定程度上延长狂犬病患者的生命。
    Rabies is an infectious disease of animal origin with a high mortality rate. In the early stages of rabies, the rabies virus (RABV) is usually undetectable in saliva and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In addition, there are still no effective drugs and treatments. Here, we present a case in which blood purification alleviated multisystem failures. The patient was a 45-year-old woman who presented with the fear of water and wind, restlessness, and hyperactivity. RABV was detected in her saliva by high-throughput sequencing Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Based on typical clinical symptoms and the result of NGS and PCR, the patient was diagnosed as a confirmed case of rabies. Hemodialysis combined with antiviral therapy and intensive care unit (ICU) treatment can effectively relieve circulatory failure, respiratory failure, and renal failure. Finally, she died of brain death on the 34th day of admission. The case report showed that blood purification was positive for rabies-induced organ failure. Blood purification combined with antiviral therapy can prolong the lives of patients with rabies to some extent.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    及时给予暴露后预防(PEP)可以预防狂犬病。对于未接种疫苗的人,PEP由多次疫苗接种和狂犬病免疫球蛋白(RIG)组成。由于RIG稀缺,通过防止动物接触和暴露前接种疫苗,可以限制对PEP的需要.我们旨在确定旅行者中可能暴露狂犬病的决定因素,以提供更有针对性的旅行前建议。
    进行病例对照研究。病例被定义为在狂犬病流行国家可能有狂犬病暴露的人(根据世卫组织分类指南,II或III类伤害)。对照组未报告旅行期间的暴露情况。进行多变量logistic回归。
    纳入229例病例和1427例对照。可能的狂犬病暴露的预测因素(p<0.05)是年轻的年龄,男性,前往西亚或东南亚,参观猴子公园,宠物所有权,以前访问过同一个国家,并认为自己是一位经验丰富的旅行者。负面预测因素是出差旅行,拜访朋友和亲戚,对动物的恐惧
    旅行前建议应考虑已确定的预测因素,以提供更好的针对性信息和暴露前预防。
    Timely administration of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) can prevent rabies. For non-vaccinated persons, PEP consists of multiple vaccinations and rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) on indication. Since RIG is scarce, the need for PEP could be restricted through preventing animal contact and pre-exposure vaccination. We aimed to identify determinants for possible rabies exposure among travellers to provide more targeted pre-travel advice.
    A case-control study was performed. Cases were defined as persons with a possible rabies exposure (category II or III injury according to WHO classification guidelines) in a rabies endemic country. Controls did not report exposure during travel. Multivariable logistic regression was performed.
    229 cases and 1427 controls were included. Predictors (p < 0.05) of possible rabies exposure were young age, male sex, travelling to Western or Southeastern Asia, visiting a monkey park, pet ownership, previously visited the same country and considering oneself an experienced traveller. Negative predictors were travelling for business, visiting friends and relatives, and fear of animals.
    Pre-travel advice should take the identified predictors into account to provide better targeted information and pre-exposure prophylaxis.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    在拉丁美洲,在消除犬狂犬病方面取得了巨大进展。导致这些成功的狂犬病消除计划的主要组成部分是对狂犬病犬进行持续和定期的监测以及每年不间断的大规模狗疫苗接种运动。不幸的是,控制COVID-19的重要措施有负面的权衡,即危害这些狂犬病的消除和预防活动。我们旨在评估中断犬狂犬病监测和大规模犬疫苗接种运动对狂犬病趋势的影响。我们建立了狗狂犬病动力学的确定性隔室模型,以创建不同破坏如何影响狂犬病病毒传播的概念框架。我们为阿雷基帕的条件参数化了模型,秘鲁,狂犬病病毒传播活跃的城市。我们检查了R0(1.36-2.0)的合理值范围内的结果。此外,我们前瞻性评估了大流行期间的监测数据,以检测时间变化.我们的模型表明,犬疫苗接种覆盖率的降低以及监测的减少可能导致犬狂犬病在几个月内急剧上升。这些结果在R0的所有似是而非的值上是一致的。2020年底和2021年初的监测数据证实,在阿雷基帕,秘鲁,狂犬病病例呈上升趋势。阿雷基帕狂犬病上升趋势,如果指示整个区域,表明拉丁美洲在消除狗介导的人类狂犬病方面取得的成就可能处于危险之中。
    In Latin America, there has been tremendous progress towards eliminating canine rabies. Major components of rabies elimination programs leading to these successes have been constant and regular surveillance for rabid dogs and uninterrupted yearly mass dog vaccination campaigns. Unfortunately, vital measures to control COVID-19 have had the negative trade-off of jeopardizing these rabies elimination and prevention activities. We aimed to assess the effect of interrupting canine rabies surveillance and mass dog vaccination campaigns on rabies trends. We built a deterministic compartment model of dog rabies dynamics to create a conceptual framework for how different disruptions may affect rabies virus transmission. We parameterized the model for conditions found in Arequipa, Peru, a city with active rabies virus transmission. We examined our results over a range of plausible values for R0 (1.36-2.0). Also, we prospectively evaluated surveillance data during the pandemic to detect temporal changes. Our model suggests that a decrease in canine vaccination coverage as well as decreased surveillance could lead to a sharp rise in canine rabies within months. These results were consistent over all plausible values of R0. Surveillance data from late 2020 and early 2021 confirms that in Arequipa, Peru, rabies cases are on an increasing trajectory. The rising rabies trends in Arequipa, if indicative to the region as whole, suggest that the achievements made in Latin America towards the elimination of dog-mediated human rabies may be in jeopardy.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    Several Lyssaviruses are known to be a causative agent of rabies and rabies like syndrome. There are no proven effective treatment strategies for symptomatic rabies patient. Risk of infection from dog variant of rabies virus is highest with deep bite reaching muscular layer and much higher when compared to scratch. Failure of viral eradication at the central nervous system (CNS) is partly due to inadequate immune response. Favipiravir selectively inhibit viral RNA polymerase and has been shown to reduce rabies replication in neuronal cell and mouse model system. Endocannabinoid system has emerged as an important regulator for CNS integrity, cell fate and may serve as an important novel neuroprotective agent. Cannabinoid may be able to regulate the impaired homeostasis induced by rabies virus by promoting infected cell survival and promote complete autophagy in infected cell.
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  • 文章类型: Case Reports
    狂犬病在中国仍然是地方病,并继续对公众健康构成重大威胁,人类病死率接近100%。我们在武汉确诊了一例人狂犬病,2018年5月。病人在出现混乱症状前3年有狗咬伤,恐惧症,和畏光发作。5月14日,我们的实验室确认该患者感染了狂犬病病毒,该病毒在中国的狗中传播,并于5月24日在入院两周后死亡。为该分离株确定的完整糖蛋白基因序列表明RABV感染的来源是狗相关的RABV变体。
    Rabies remains endemic in China and continues to pose a major threat to public health with a nearly 100 % case fatality rate in humans. We confirmed a case of human rabies in Wuhan, in May 2018. The patient had got a dog bite wound 3 years before symptoms of confusion, hydrophobia, and photophobia onset. On May 14, our laboratory confirmed that the patient was infected with a rabies virus that circulates in dogs in China and died on May 24, two weeks later after admission. Complete glycoprotein gene sequences determined for this isolate indicated the source of a RABV infection was dog-related RABV variants.
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